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Topic Review
Group 3 Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, which accounts for approximately 20% of all childhood brain tumors.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Genital Tract Microbiome of Cattle
The term microbiota refers to the entire population of microorganisms that colonizes a particular location and includes not just bacteria, but also other microbes such as fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoans. Cows have bacteria inhabiting the uterus even before calving and establish a unique endometrial microbiome within 20 min of calving where the microbiome is similar between cows that develop metritis and cows without endometritis until at least the second day postpartum.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles
Wireless charging modules for electric vehicles (EVs) are being increasingly studied. Two techniques of transferring power to EVs via charging systems can be used: conductive charging and wireless charging. Some notable studies, as presented in this work, focused on developing more effective wireless-charging modules for electric vehicles to pave the way for the creation of more sustainable urban transportation. It is also important to note that attaining this sustainable urban mobility is dependent on using clean energy sources (like solar photovoltaic). As a result, some techniques were discussed to supplement wireless charging and hence reduce the size of the needed energy storage device for urban mobility.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Existing Waste-To-Energy Technologies
Energy is a critical element in human existence, and is essential to a society’s sustainable economic growth. Globally, fossil fuels have been the primary source of electrical generation. Technologies that can efficiently recover energy from waste with little to no environmental damage have been considered as alternatives for conventional fossil fuel generation. The conversion pathways utilized in waste-to-energy (MSW) technologies may be classified into two main categories: thermochemical and biochemical. The thermochemical pathway involves the conversion of MSW feedstock to energy (electricity, heat, and value-added products) under high temperatures. It is most commonly utilized for dry waste with a larger proportion of nonbiodegradable material (a low water content). Combustion (incineration), gasification, and pyrolysis are the most common technologies under thermochemical conversion of MSW. Biochemical processes are optimal for wastes with a high proportion of biodegradable organic materials and a high moisture/water content that promotes microbial activity. Anaerobic digestion (AD) and methane recovery from a controlled environment in landfills are the most common technologies under the biochemical pathway.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Alexandrian Rite
The Alexandrian Rite is the liturgical rite used by the Oriental Orthodox Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, as well as by the Eastern Catholic Coptic Catholic Church, Eritrean Catholic Church, and Ethiopian Catholic Church. The Alexandrian rite's Divine Liturgy contains elements from the liturgies of Saints Mark the Evangelist (who is traditionally regarded as the first bishop of Alexandria), Basil the Great, Cyril the Great, and Gregory Nazianzus. The Liturgy of Saint Cyril is a Coptic language translation from Greek of the Liturgy of Saint Mark. The Alexandrian Rite is sub-grouped into two rites: the Coptic Rite and the Ge'ez Rite.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Rotational Magnetic Properties of Amorphous Metal Materials
Amorphous metal (AM), specifically amorphous ferromagnetic metal, is considered as a satisfactory magnetic material for exploring electromagnetic devices with high-efficiency and high-power density, such as electrical machines and transformers, benefits from its various advantages, such as reasonably low power loss and very high permeability in medium to high frequency. However, the characteristics of these materials have not been investigated comprehensively, which limits its application prospects to good-performance electrical machines that have the magnetic flux density with generally rotational and non-sinusoidal features. The appropriate characterization of AMs under different magnetizations is among the fundamentals for utilizing these materials in electrical machines.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Quantitative Electroencephalogram
Over many decades, clinical, systemic, and cognitive neuroscience have produced a large and diverse body of evidence for the potential utility of brain activity (measured by electroencephalogram—EEG) for neurology and psychiatry. These data are enormous and essential information often gets buried, leaving many researchers stuck with outdated paradigms.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
DUF1220
DUF1220 is a protein domain that shows a striking human lineage-specific (HLS) increase in copy number and may be involved in human brain evolution. The protein domain has also been liked to several neurogenetic disorders such as Schizophrenia and increased severity of autism. The DUF1220 domain name has recently been changed to the Olduvai domain based on data obtained since initial discovery of the domain. The copy number of DUF1220 domains increases generally as a function of a species evolutionary proximity to humans. The increase in the number of copies that are present in connection with DUF1220 also seem to have a direct correlation with several phenotypes of the brain including the increase in brain size as seen through evolution. DUF1220 copy number is the highest in humans (~289, with some person-to-person variations) and shows the largest HLS increase in copy number (an additional 160 copies) of any protein coding region in the human genome. DUF1220 copy number is reduced in African great apes (estimated 125 copies in chimpanzees), further reduced in orangutan (92) and Old World monkeys (35), single- or low-copy in non-primate mammals and absent in non-mammals. DUF1220 domains are approximately 65 amino acids in length and are encoded by a two-exon doublet. In the human genome DUF1220 sequences are located primarily on chromosome 1 in region 1q21.1-q21.2, with several copies also found at 1p36, 1p13.3, and 1p12. Sequences encoding DUF1220 domains show rhythmicity, resonance and signs of positive selection, especially in primates, and are expressed in several human tissues including brain, where their expression is restricted to neurons.
  • 1.4K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Lien
A lien (/ˈliːn/ or /ˈliːən/)[Note 1] is a form of security interest granted over an item of property to secure the payment of a debt or performance of some other The owner of the property, who grants the lien, is referred to as the lienee and the person who has the benefit of the lien is referred to as the lienor or lien holder. The etymological root is Anglo-French lien, loyen "bond", "restraint", from Latin ligamen, from ligare "to bind". In the United States , the term lien generally refers to a wide range of encumbrances and would include other forms of mortgage or charge. In the US, a lien characteristically refers to nonpossessory security interests (see generally: Security interest—categories). In other common-law countries, the term lien refers to a very specific type of security interest, being a passive right to retain (but not sell) property until the debt or other obligation is discharged. In contrast to the usage of the term in the US, in other countries it refers to a purely possessory form of security interest; indeed, when possession of the property is lost, the lien is released. However, common-law countries also recognize a slightly anomalous form of security interest called an "equitable lien" which arises in certain rare instances. Despite their differences in terminology and application, there are a number of similarities between liens in the US and elsewhere in the common-law world.
  • 1.4K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
High-Risk Pregnancy
A high-risk pregnancy is one where the mother or the fetus has an increased risk of adverse outcomes compared to uncomplicated pregnancies. No concrete guidelines currently exist for distinguishing “high-risk” pregnancies from “low-risk” pregnancies, however there are certain studied conditions that have been shown to put the mother or fetus at a higher risk of poor outcomes. These conditions can be classified into three main categories: health problems in the mother that occur before she becomes pregnant, health problems in the mother that occur during pregnancy, and certain health conditions with the fetus. In 2012, the CDC estimated that there were approximately 65,000 pregnancies deemed "high-risk" in the United States.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Health Information on the Internet
Health information on the Internet refers to all health-related information communicated through or available on the Internet.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas-Based Approaches to Study Schizophrenia
Genomic association studies have revealed the complex genetic architecture of schizophrenia (SZ) and other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). High-throughput models, such as cells and their derivatives, are needed to decipher the molecular basis of SZ pathology. The time is coming for high-throughput genetic technologies based on CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat)/Cas systems to manipulate multiple genomic targets. CRISPR/Cas tools make it possible to find and explore the complex relationship between genotype and phenotype of neuronal cells.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Melatonin Application in Assisted Reproductive Techniques
Infertility is an increasing global public health issue that affects up to 16% of couples of reproductive age. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), infertility is a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. Half of infertility cases are due to female factors, which are generally attributed to hormonal, functional or anatomical dysfunction of the organs of the reproductive tract. Moreover, the age of the female is of great importance because of its physiological and genetic influence on conception, which includes a reduced ovarian follicular pool, perturbations in ovulation and increased meiotic errors within the oocyte. As for male factors, these are responsible for 20–30% of infertility cases. The most important factors are hormonal deficits, physical causes, sexually transmitted problems, and genetic factors. Nevertheless, the origin of about 40% of male infertility is unknown. Many studies have investigated the potential use of melatonin in assisted reproductive techniques (ART) to improve success rates. These techniques include oocyte manipulation, artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and embryo culture and transfer.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Nuclear Waste Disposal
Nuclear waste (like radioactive waste) is waste that contains, or is contaminated with, radionuclides, at activity concentrations greater than clearance levels set by the regulators, beyond which no further use is foreseen. Disposal is the emplacement of waste in an appropriate facility without the intention to retrieve it.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Rotating Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting Applications
Addressing the increasing development of IoT networks and the associated energy requirements, rotating triboelectric nanogenerators (R-TENGs) are proving to be strong candidates in the field of energy harvesting, as well as to that of self-powered devices and autonomous sensors.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels in Drug Delivery
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels, also known as smart hydrogels, exhibit responsiveness to diverse external stimuli. These gels can undergo reversible or irreversible changes in physical or chemical properties upon exposure to stimuli, enabling a highly controllable drug release pattern. This capability contributes to achieving precise drug administration and enhancing treatment effectiveness and safety.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Gellan Gum
Gellan gum (GG) is a linear, negatively charged exopolysaccharide that is biodegradable and non-toxic. When metallic ions are present, a hard and transparent gel is produced, which remains stable at a low pH. It exhibits high water solubility, can be easily bio-fabricated, demonstrates excellent film/hydrogel formation, is biodegradable, and shows biocompatibility. These characteristics render GG a suitable option for use in food, biomedical, and cosmetic fields.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 May 2024
Topic Review
LSEC in Post-Hepatectomy Liver Regeneration/Failure
Liver sinusoids are lined by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), which represent approximately 15 to 20% of the liver cells, but only 3% of the total liver volume. LSEC have unique functions, such as fluid filtration, blood vessel tone modulation, blood clotting, inflammatory cell recruitment, and metabolite and hormone trafficking. Different subtypes of liver endothelial cells are also known to control liver zonation and hepatocyte function. The liver has the exceptional ability to regenerate from small remnants. The past decades have seen increasing awareness in the role of non-parenchymal cells in liver regeneration despite not being the most represented population. While a lot of knowledge has emerged, clarification is needed regarding the role of LSEC in sensing shear stress and on their participation in the inductive phase of regeneration by priming the hepatocytes and delivering mitogenic factors. It is also unclear if bone marrow-derived LSEC participate in the proliferative phase of liver regeneration. Similarly, data are scarce as to LSEC having a role in the termination phase of the regeneration process. Here, we review what is known about the interaction between LSEC and other liver cells during the different phases of liver regeneration. We next explain extended hepatectomy and small liver transplantation, which lead to “small for size syndrome” (SFSS), a lethal liver failure. SFSS is linked to endothelial denudation, necrosis, and lobular disturbance. Using the knowledge learned from partial hepatectomy studies on LSEC, we expose several techniques that are, or could be, used to avoid the “small for size syndrome” after extended hepatectomy or small liver transplantation. 
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)/AHR-nuclear translocator (ARNT) system is a sensitive sensor for small molecular, xenobiotic chemicals of exogenous and endogenous origin, including dioxins, phytochemicals, microbial bioproducts, and tryptophan photoproducts. AHR/ARNT are abundantly expressed in the skin. Once activated, the AHR/ARNT axis strengthens skin barrier functions and accelerates epidermal terminal differentiation by upregulating filaggrin expression. In addition, AHR activation induces oxidative stress. However, some AHR ligands simultaneously activate the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NRF2) transcription factor, which is a master switch of antioxidative enzymes that neutralizes oxidative stress. 
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Antioxidant Properties of Taxifolin
Polyphenols are the most numerous and widely distributed compounds of plant origin. They are involved in various processes of the growth and development of plants, and their protection against unfavorable environmental factors. They enter the body of humans and animals with plant food. The intake of polyphenols or polyphenol-rich food products might be associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and other diseases. More than 8000 polyphenols have been identified; of these, more than 4000 compounds belong to the group of flavonoids. In nature, polyphenols occur as monomers, oligomers, and polymers (proanthocyanidins, condensed tannins). There is also evidence indicating that, during the storage and aging of food products and beverages with a high content of flavonoids, the latter react with carbonyl compounds such as acetaldehyde, methylglyoxal, glyoxylic acid, and furfurol, which results in the formation of monomeric, oligomeric, and polymeric adducts.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Aug 2021
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