Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Camila Xu -- 1321 2022-11-14 01:35:45

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. High-Risk Pregnancy. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34389 (accessed on 09 October 2026).
HandWiki. High-Risk Pregnancy. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34389. Accessed October 09, 2026.
HandWiki. "High-Risk Pregnancy" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34389 (accessed October 09, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 14). High-Risk Pregnancy. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34389
HandWiki. "High-Risk Pregnancy." Encyclopedia. Web. 14 November, 2022.
High-Risk Pregnancy
Edit

A high-risk pregnancy is one where the mother or the fetus has an increased risk of adverse outcomes compared to uncomplicated pregnancies. No concrete guidelines currently exist for distinguishing “high-risk” pregnancies from “low-risk” pregnancies, however there are certain studied conditions that have been shown to put the mother or fetus at a higher risk of poor outcomes. These conditions can be classified into three main categories: health problems in the mother that occur before she becomes pregnant, health problems in the mother that occur during pregnancy, and certain health conditions with the fetus. In 2012, the CDC estimated that there were approximately 65,000 pregnancies deemed "high-risk" in the United States.

high-risk pregnancy health problems pregnancy

References

  1. "Advanced maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 70: 92–100. January 2021. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.07.005. PMID 32741623.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bpobgyn.2020.07.005
  2. "Advanced maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 70: 92–100. January 2021. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.07.005. PMID 32741623.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bpobgyn.2020.07.005
  3. "What are the factors that put a pregnancy at risk?" (in en-US). https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/high-risk/conditioninfo/Pages/factors.aspx.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. "A review of the risks and consequences of adolescent pregnancy". Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine 8 (1): 1–8. March 2015. doi:10.3233/NPM-15814038. PMID 25766198.  https://dx.doi.org/10.3233%2FNPM-15814038
  5. "Data on Pregnancy Complications | Pregnancy | Maternal and Infant Health | CDC" (in en-us). 2019-02-28. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pregnancy-complications-data.htm. 
  6. "Chronic hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ 348 (apr15 7): g2301. April 2014. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2301. PMID 24735917.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3988319
  7. "Hypertension in pregnancy: Pathophysiology and treatment". SAGE Open Medicine 7: 2050312119843700. 2019. doi:10.1177/2050312119843700. PMID 31007914.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6458675
  8. "Hypertension in pregnancy: Pathophysiology and treatment". SAGE Open Medicine 7: 2050312119843700. January 2019. doi:10.1177/2050312119843700. PMID 31007914.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6458675
  9. "Mechanisms of Congenital Malformations in Pregnancies with Pre-existing Diabetes". Current Diabetes Reports 20 (10): 54. September 2020. doi:10.1007/s11892-020-01338-4. PMID 32918152.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7803009
  10. "Pre-conception care of diabetes, congenital malformations, and spontaneous abortions". Diabetes Care 19 (5): 514–41. May 1996. doi:10.2337/diacare.19.5.514. PMID 8732721.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiacare.19.5.514
  11. "Cardiovascular physiology of pregnancy". Circulation 130 (12): 1003–8. September 2014. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.009029. PMID 25223771.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1161%2FCIRCULATIONAHA.114.009029
  12. "Outcome of pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease: a literature review". Journal of the American College of Cardiology 49 (24): 2303–11. June 2007. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.027. PMID 17572244.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2007.03.027
  13. Backes, Carl H.; Markham, Kara; Moorehead, Pamela; Cordero, Leandro; Nankervis, Craig A.; Giannone, Peter J. (2011). "Maternal Preeclampsia and Neonatal Outcomes". Journal of Pregnancy 2011: 214365. doi:10.1155/2011/214365. ISSN 2090-2727. PMID 21547086.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3087144
  14. Fishel Bartal, Michal; Sibai, Baha M. (2020-09-24). "Eclampsia in the 21st century". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.037. ISSN 1097-6868. PMID 32980358.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2020.09.037
  15. Kongwattanakul, Kiattisak; Saksiriwuttho, Piyamas; Chaiyarach, Sukanya; Thepsuthammarat, Kaewjai (2018-07-17). "Incidence, characteristics, maternal complications, and perinatal outcomes associated with preeclampsia with severe features and HELLP syndrome". International Journal of Women's Health 10: 371–377. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S168569. ISSN 1179-1411. PMID 30046254.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6054275
  16. Alfadhli, Eman M. (1 Jan 2015). "Gestational diabetes mellitus". Saudi Medical Journal 36 (4): 399–406. doi:10.15537/smj.2015.4.10307. ISSN 0379-5284. PMID 25828275.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4404472
  17. McIntyre, H. David; Catalano, Patrick; Zhang, Cuilin; Desoye, Gernot; Mathiesen, Elisabeth R.; Damm, Peter (2019-07-11). "Gestational diabetes mellitus". Nature Reviews. Disease Primers 5 (1): 47. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0098-8. ISSN 2056-676X. PMID 31296866. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31296866/. 
  18. Szmuilowicz, Emily D.; Josefson, Jami L.; Metzger, Boyd E. (2019-09-01). "Gestational Diabetes Mellitus". Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 48 (3): 479–493. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2019.05.001. ISSN 1558-4410. PMID 31345518.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7008467
  19. Platt, M. J. (2014-05-10). "Outcomes in preterm infants". Public Health 128 (5): 399–403. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2014.03.010. ISSN 1476-5616. PMID 24794180. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24794180/. 
  20. Frey, Heather A.; Klebanoff, Mark A. (2016-01-11). "The epidemiology, etiology, and costs of preterm birth" (in en). Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 21 (2): 68–73. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2015.12.011. PMID 26794420. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1744165X1500150X. 
  21. Tchirikov, Michael; Schlabritz-Loutsevitch, Natalia; Maher, James; Buchmann, Jörg; Naberezhnev, Yuri; Winarno, Andreas S.; Seliger, Gregor (2018-07-26). "Mid-trimester preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM): etiology, diagnosis, classification, international recommendations of treatment options and outcome". Journal of Perinatal Medicine 46 (5): 465–488. doi:10.1515/jpm-2017-0027. ISSN 1619-3997. PMID 28710882. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28710882/. 
  22. Sim, Winnie Huiyan; Araujo Júnior, Edward; Da Silva Costa, Fabricio; Sheehan, Penelope Marie (2017-01-01). "Maternal and neonatal outcomes following expectant management of preterm prelabour rupture of membranes before viability". Journal of Perinatal Medicine 45 (1): 29–44. doi:10.1515/jpm-2016-0183. ISSN 1619-3997. PMID 27780154. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27780154/. 
  23. Boettcher, Lillian B.; Clark, Erin A. S. (2020-10-07). "Neonatal and Childhood Outcomes Following Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 47 (4): 671–680. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2020.09.001. ISSN 1558-0474. PMID 33121652. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33121652/. 
  24. "Management of Late-Term and Postterm Pregnancies" (in en). https://www.acog.org/en/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2014/08/management-of-late-term-and-postterm-pregnancies. 
  25. "Maternal, Labor, Delivery, and Perinatal Outcomes Associated with Placental Abruption: A Systematic Review". American Journal of Perinatology 34 (10): 935–957. August 2017. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1599149. PMID 28329897.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5683164
  26. "Prevalence and main outcomes of placenta accreta spectrum: a systematic review and meta-analysis". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 221 (3): 208–218. September 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.01.233. PMID 30716286. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10067438/1/Jauniaux%20et%20al%20AJOGS18-1205R1%20accepted%20version.pdf. 
  27. "Maternal, Labor, Delivery, and Perinatal Outcomes Associated with Placental Abruption: A Systematic Review". American Journal of Perinatology 34 (10): 935–957. August 2017. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1599149. PMID 28329897.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5683164
  28. "The role of infection in miscarriage". Human Reproduction Update 22 (1): 116–33. 2016-01-01. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmv041. PMID 26386469.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4664130
  29. "Group B streptococcus", Infections Affecting Pregnancy and Childbirth (CRC Press): pp. 156–169, 2015-01-15, doi:10.1201/b20750-9, ISBN 9780429091902, http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20750-9, retrieved 2021-09-19 
  30. "Bacterial vaginosis: a primer for clinicians". Postgraduate Medicine 131 (1): 8–18. January 2019. doi:10.1080/00325481.2019.1546534. PMID 30424704.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00325481.2019.1546534
  31. "Asymptomatic vaginal Candida colonization and adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis". American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM 2 (3): 100163. August 2020. doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100163. PMID 33345884.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajogmf.2020.100163
  32. "Adverse outcomes of pregnancy-associated Zika virus infection". Seminars in Perinatology 42 (3): 155–167. April 2018. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2018.02.003. PMID 29523447.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7442220
  33. "SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 During Pregnancy: A Multidisciplinary Review". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 95 (8): 1750–1765. August 2020. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.05.011. PMID 32753148.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7260486
  34. "Maternal and Neonatal Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 in Pregnancy: An Overview of Systematic Reviews". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (2): 596. January 2021. doi:10.3390/ijerph18020596. PMID 33445657.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7828126
  35. "Outcome of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome in monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis". Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 55 (3): 310–317. March 2020. doi:10.1002/uog.21889. PMID 31595578. http://openaccess.sgul.ac.uk/111313/1/Murgano_et_al-2019-Ultrasound_in_Obstetrics_%26_Gynecology.pdf. 
  36. "Managing preexisting diabetes for pregnancy: summary of evidence and consensus recommendations for care". Diabetes Care 31 (5): 1060–79. May 2008. doi:10.2337/dc08-9020. PMID 18445730.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2930883
  37. WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2011. ISBN 978-92-4-154833-5. OCLC 781290959. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/781290959. 
  38. "Low-Dose Aspirin Use During Pregnancy" (in en). https://www.acog.org/en/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2018/07/low-dose-aspirin-use-during-pregnancy. 
  39. "Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation 129 (21): 2183–242. May 2014. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437597.44550.5d. PMID 24763516.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1161%2F01.cir.0000437597.44550.5d
  40. "What are some factors that make a pregnancy high risk?" (in en). https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/high-risk/conditioninfo/factors. 
  41. CDC (2019-11-19). "Congenital Heart Defects - Facts about Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome" (in en-us). https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/heartdefects/hlhs.html. 
  42. "Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): CD005300. November 2015. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005300.pub4. PMID 26545291.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD005300.pub4
  43. "Infections in Pregnancy and the Role of Vaccines". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 45 (2): 369–388. June 2018. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2018.01.006. PMID 29747736.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ogc.2018.01.006
  44. "Treatment of Viral Infections During Pregnancy". Clinics in Perinatology 46 (2): 235–256. June 2019. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2019.02.009. PMID 31010558.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clp.2019.02.009
  45. "Infections in Pregnancy and the Role of Vaccines". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 45 (2): 369–388. June 2018. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2018.01.006. PMID 29747736.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ogc.2018.01.006
  46. "Treatment of infections during pregnancy: Progress and challenges". Birth Defects Research 109 (5): 387–390. March 2017. doi:10.1002/bdr2.1005. PMID 28398676.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbdr2.1005
  47. "A systematic review regarding women's emotional and psychological experiences of high-risk pregnancies". BMC Psychology 8 (1): 45. May 2020. doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00410-8. PMID 32362285.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7197168
  48. "High-Risk Pregnancy". The Nursing Clinics of North America 53 (2): 241–251. June 2018. doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2018.01.010. PMID 29779516.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cnur.2018.01.010
  49. "A systematic review regarding women's emotional and psychological experiences of high-risk pregnancies". BMC Psychology 8 (1): 45. May 2020. doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00410-8. PMID 32362285.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7197168
More
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
View Times: 1.4K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 14 Nov 2022
Notice
You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
OK
Confirm
Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
Yes
No
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
There is no comment~
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
Confirm
Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Academic Video Service