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Topic Review
Biochemical Investigations of Autism Spectrum Disorders
The main biochemical mechanisms proposed in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, impaired methylation capacity, and altered amino acid metabolism.
  • 372
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Origins of Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by a cluster of several cardio-metabolic risk factors, specifically visceral obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose metabolism, which together increase risks of developing future cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).
  • 370
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Gut Bacteria in Hirschsprung-Associated Diseases
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital malformation of the enteric nervous system, characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the distal intestine, resulting in spastic contractions at the affected bowel, and functional obstruction of the intestine above the aganglionic levels. The worldwide incidence of HSCR is approximately 1 in 5000 live births with various spectrums of defective involvements, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of treatment. Up to now, the only treatment of choice for HSCR is surgery by resection of an aganglionic bowel segment and reconstruction of the normally innervated intestine to the anus.
  • 369
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19 in Children
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a complex infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and it currently represents a worldwide public health emergency. The pediatric population is less prone to develop severe COVID-19 infection, but children presenting underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, are thought to be at increased risk of developing more severe forms of COVID-19.
  • 366
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children and Adolescents
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) represents an acute, severe complication of relative insulin deficiency and a common presentation of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) primarily and, occasionally, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents. It is characterized by the biochemical triad of hyperglycaemia, ketonaemia and/or ketonuria, and acidaemia. Clinical symptoms include dehydration, tachypnoea, gastrointestinal symptoms, and reduced level of consciousness, precipitated by a variably long period of polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. 
  • 365
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Relationship between Dysbiosis and Allergic Diseases
The intestinal microbiota is a diverse and complex microecosystem that lives and thrives within the human body. The microbiota stabilizes by the age of three. This microecosystem plays a crucial role in human health, particularly in the early years of life. Dysbiosis has been linked to the development of various allergic diseases with potential long-term implications.
  • 363
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Prognostic Factors for Cardiotoxicity among Children with Cancer
Improvements in the treatment of childhood cancer have considerably enhanced survival rates over the last decades to over 80% as of today. However, this great achievement has been accompanied by the occurrence of several early and long-term treatment-related complications major of which is cardiotoxicity.
  • 358
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review Video
Acetaminophen and Neurodevelopment
Based on available data that include approximately 20 lines of evidence from studies in laboratory animal models, observations in humans, correlations in time, and pharmacological/toxicological considerations, it has been concluded without reasonable doubt and with no evidence to the contrary that exposure of susceptible babies and children to acetaminophen (paracetamol) induces many, if not most, cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
  • 358
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy in the Pediatric Population
Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, the actual treatment for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, is essential in children with cystic fibrosis to prevent malabsorption and malnutrition and needs to be urgently initiated. This therapy presents many considerations for physicians, patients, and their families, including types and timing of administration, dose monitoring, and therapy failures. Based on clinical trials, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy is considered effective and well-tolerated in children with cystic fibrosis.
  • 356
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Type 2 Diabetes with Metabolic Syndrome in Youth
In the frame of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes emerges along a continuum of the risk from the clustering of all its components, namely visceral obesity, high blood pressure and lipids, and impaired glucose homeostasis. Insulin resistance is the hallmark common to all the components and, in theory, is a reversible condition. Nevertheless, the load that this condition can exert on the β-cell function at the pubertal transition is such as to determine its rapid and irreversible deterioration leading to plain diabetes.
  • 355
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Outdoor Air Pollution and Childhood Respiratory Disease
The leading mechanisms through which air pollutants exert their damaging effects are the promotion of oxidative stress, the induction of an inflammatory response, and the deregulation of the immune system by reducing its ability to limit infectious agents’ spreading. This influence starts in the prenatal age and continues during childhood, the most susceptible period of life, due to a lower efficiency of oxidative damage detoxification, a higher metabolic and breathing rate, and enhanced oxygen consumption per unit of body mass. Air pollution is involved in acute disorders like asthma exacerbations and upper and lower respiratory infections, including bronchiolitis, tuberculosis, and pneumoniae. Pollutants can also contribute to the onset of chronic asthma, and they can lead to a deficit in lung function and growth, long-term respiratory damage, and eventually chronic respiratory illness. Air pollution abatement policies, are contributing to mitigating air quality issues, but more efforts should be encouraged to improve acute childhood respiratory disease with possible positive long-term effects on lung function. 
  • 350
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Serotonin in Neonatal Pulmonary Circulation
Serotonin (5-HT) is a bioamine that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). The lung serves as an important site of 5-HT synthesis, uptake, and metabolism with signaling primarily regulated by tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the 5-HT transporter (SERT), and numerous unique 5-HT receptors. Accumulating evidence from both clinical and preclinical studies has suggested that the 5-HT signaling pathway may play an important role in neonatal cardiopulmonary transition and the development of PH in newborns. The expression of TPH, SERT, and the 5-HT receptors is developmentally regulated, with alterations resulting in pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular remodeling.
  • 348
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pediatric Echinococcosis of the Liver in Austria
Echinococcosis is considered a neglected disease in most European countries. However, migratory flows of populations, long-term stays in endemic areas, uninterrupted tourism (travel to Echinococcus-endemic countries), traveling dogs and dog translocations from endemic areas, and inappropriate hygiene practices are potential factors that alarm public health officials. Identifying a cyst-like mass in the liver or lung of an individual with a travel history of likely exposure to sheepdogs in an area where the parasite Echinococcus (E.) granulosus (sive cysticus) is endemic advocates for a prompt preliminary diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE), no matter the age of the affected individuals. 
  • 347
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Eating Disorders in Youth with Chronic Health Conditions
Youth with chronic health conditions face an elevated risk of eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors. Contributors to this phenomenon may include the unique threats faced by this vulnerable population to their body image, their relationships with food and eating, and their mental health and self-esteem. However, youth with chronic health conditions may also experience more severe medical complications and mortality from eating disorder behaviors because of the additional risks conveyed by their underlying conditions.
  • 347
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Asthma and Childhood Obesity
Several epidemiological studies have described childhood obesity as a risk factor for atopic disease, particularly asthma. At the same time, this association seems to be more conflicting for allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and chronic urticaria.
  • 343
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Sepsis on Immune Response
Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. 
  • 342
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
The Treatment of Enthesitis-Related Arthritis
Enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) represents 5–30% of all cases of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and belongs to the spectrum of the disorders included in the group of juvenile spondyloarthritis. In the last decade, there have been considerable advances in the classification, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of ERA. New provisional criteria for ERA have been recently proposed by the Paediatric Rheumatology INternational Trials Organisation, as part of a wider revision of the International League of Associations for Rheumatology criteria for JIA. The therapeutic recommendations for ERA are comparable to those applied to other non-systemic JIA categories, unless axial disease and/or enthesitis are present. In such cases, the early use of a TNF-alpha inhibitor is recommended. Novel treatment agents are promising, including IL-17/IL-23 or JAK/STAT pathways blockers.
  • 338
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Kidney Failure in Extrapulmonary Sarcoidosis in Children
Sarcoidosis is a non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammatory multisystemic disorder of unknown etiology. In children, as in adults, it can involve a few or all organ systems to a varying extent and degree, entailing multisystemic manifestations. Kidney involvement in pediatric-onset adult-type sarcoidosis is rare, with a wide range of renal manifestations, most of them related to calcium metabolism. Children with renal sarcoidosis tend to be more symptomatic than adults, although male patients have a higher prevalence.
  • 336
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pediatric Patient Education on Oral Chemotherapy at Home
Oral chemotherapy (OC) has been increasingly used in pediatric patients diagnosed with cancer, which is primarily managed in the outpatient setting. Different from adults, pediatric patients face unique challenges in administering these hazardous medications at home. Because of the complexity of pediatric pharmaceutical care and the hazardous nature of chemotherapy agents, comprehensive patient education is imperative to mitigate the potential safety risks associated with OC administration at home. Pharmacists play a vital role in patient education and medication consultations. 
  • 334
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Diagnosis and Genetics of Hemiplegic Migraine
Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is a rare form of migraine with an aura characterized by transient motor weakness or hemiparesis (motor aura). HM is also associated with other non-motor aura manifestations (visual, sensory, aphasic, or basilar-type/brainstem symptoms) and with other symptoms typically accompanying migraine, such as nausea, vomiting, photophobia, or phonophobia. A motor aura represents the peculiarity of HM compared to other forms of migraine with aura (MA), and its diagnostic criteria have been updated in the latest classification of headache disorders. HM can be sporadic (SHM) or familial (FHM), with autosomal dominant inheritance.
  • 333
  • 19 Jun 2023
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