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Topic Review
Extreme Online Service-Learning during the Pandemic
Service-Learning (SL) is an experience that allows students to (a) participate in activities co-designed in partnership by universities and local organizations and (b) reflect on the service activity in such a way as to gain an enhanced sense of responsibility. These experiences represent significant ways to meet and experience real-world contexts for students. The COVID-19 pandemic required Higher Education Institutions to rethink and shift in-presence courses to online platforms. This transition included SL courses as well. 
  • 918
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Relationship between Prosocial Behavior/Well-Being in Vocational Education
Prosocial behaviors, which benefit others and promote harmonious interpersonal relationships, have been linked to well-being. Engaging in prosocial behaviors provides individuals with a sense of purpose and fulfillment, promotes positive feelings and moods, and enhances social integration and connection, leading to the development of interpersonal relationships. These factors contribute to an improved sense of self-worth, belonging, and connectedness, which ultimately enhances well-being.
  • 906
  • 12 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Neurocognitive Profile of Creativity in Improving Academic Performance
Creativity is a cognitively complex process that generates novel and valuable ideas, solutions, and products. It is essential in numerous facets of human life, including academic performance and education. Creativity as a means of enhancing academic performance is gaining increasing attention in research and education.
  • 898
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Jung’s Legacy in Depth Psychology
This entry provides a brief introduction to some of the main aspects of the work of C.G. Jung, followed by a description of how his work was developed by others during his lifetime and afterward. This entry provides an overview of the Jungian tradition in Depth Psychology. It begins with a discussion of how Jung’s ideas differed from those of Freud and opened a distinct tradition of analytic (Jungian) psychology. By identifying the other influential people who contributed to the amplification of Jung’s work, this article then details how these ideas expanded beyond the work of training analysts to become a more influential, impactful, and widespread phenomenon.
  • 898
  • 09 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Agency and Reward in Typical Development and Autism
The ability to perform voluntary actions and make choices is shaped by the motivation from having control over the resulting effects (agency) and positive outcomes (reward). It is proposed that reduced sensitivity to agency and reward in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be related to atypical multisensory processes and motor planning, with potential for understanding restricted and repetitive behaviors.
  • 896
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Consistently Inconsistent Perceptual Illusions in Nonhuman Primates
Visual illusions fascinate humans, in large part because we realize how such experiences disconnect how we perceive the world from reality. The discovery that other animals also experience some of these illusions has provided a compelling comparative story about the role that perception plays in sometimes misrepresenting the nature of the real world. What has also become apparent from comparative studies is that not all animals experience illusions the same way, and sometimes the same individual may not experience some illusions while experiencing others.
  • 894
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Shared Leadership and Functional Approach to Leadership
Most leadership studies primarily focus on formal leaders, often overlooking the influence of leaders within the team. While prior research has shown that peer leaders can have a beneficial impact on various team outcomes, it is yet unclear which peer leadership behaviors precisely foster a supportive and sustainable work environment. 
  • 877
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Preschool Children’s Processing of Events during Verb Learning
Verbs are central to the syntactic structure of sentences, and, thus, important for learning one’s native language. Pointing results show that 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old children are able to learn and extend newly learned verbs to new events at test. In addition, children’s visual attention to agents’ faces and hands differs depending on whether events cooccur with the new verb or do not. 
  • 861
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Violence and Capacity to Hate
Modern Western society does not contemplate any space for the expression of hate and, as always happens in these cases, opposite emotions are stressed as a defensive mechanism. Indeed, we are a society based on the supposed freedom, equality and valorisation of minorities. This reaction formation, which involves the removal of an unpleasant emotion (i.e., hate, which is connected to fear as will be seen later), has the advantage of freeing our society from the unbearable feelings of guilt deriving from the idea of hating others, their role models, their experiences and their right to be in the world and organise their society differently from ours. In fact, those who never hate, cannot feel guilty.
  • 855
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Parent‒Child Relationship and Neuroticism and Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness and neuroticism, the integral parts of the widely recognized Big Five personality model, play contrasting roles in adolescent mental health. Conscientiousness typically refers to an individual’s tendencies toward diligence, self-discipline, caution and self-control, while neuroticism manifests as emotional traits, such as anxiety, depression, hostility, inhibition and vulnerability. 
  • 847
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Skin-to-Skin Care and Touch by Fathers in Infants
A series of studies have shown that mothers’ early tactile behaviors have positive effects, both on full-term and preterm infants, and on mothers alike. Regarding fathers, research has focused mostly on paternal skin-to-skin care with preterm infants and has overlooked the tactile behavior effects with full-term newborns on infants’ outcomes and on fathers themselves. Few available studies suggest that paternal touch—SSC and ST—can have positive effects on fathers and infants alike.
  • 847
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Preserving Heritage Language in Turkish Families in US
A dearth of research concerning Turkish immigrant families in the United States exists, prompting this study’s focus. This research aims to illuminate the influence of parental language attitudes among Turkish immigrants on their motivation to foster the preservation of their heritage language (HL) in their children, alongside an exploration of the strategies employed for HL retention. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 parents (16 mothers and 4 fathers), with each interview spanning 15–20 min. The interviews, conducted individually by the primary author in Turkish and later translated into English, unveiled a spectrum of parental language attitudes, impacting their motivation to uphold HL. Variances in motivation were observed, intertwined with factors such as home and community environments, parental acculturation experiences, perceptions regarding the relationship between culture and language, and the perceived advantages of bilingualism for children’s cognitive development and future prospects. Despite differing motivations, all parents expressed a desire to preserve HL, prompting the deployment of diverse Heritage Language Management Strategies (HLMS). This study significantly contributes to the understanding of how parental attitudes shape HL preservation efforts within families, offering insights crucial to the field of HL and family language policy, thereby highlighting implications for practice and further research.
  • 845
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Peer Support for Unaccompanied Children
Unaccompanied children refer to those whose parents are still alive but unable to raise them due to various reasons.
  • 842
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
New Consumer Research Technology for Food Behaviour
The last decade has witnessed an explosion of new consumer behaviour research technology, and new methods are published almost monthly. 
  • 841
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Spatial Olfactory Memory and Spatial Olfactory Navigation
Many studies have focused on navigation, spatial skills, and the olfactory system in comparative models, including those concerning the relationship between them and physical activity.
  • 838
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Social Perception of Autonomous Delivery Vehicles
The use of different technologies significantly changes the social perception of different social groups, and moreover, devices themselves are perceived in stereotypical terms. Autonomous delivery vehicles (ADV) are electric and self-driving ground vehicles, which drive on streets or sidewalks with a limited speed of 5–10 km/h and are able to manage all driving tasks by themselves without human intervention in a mixed traffic environment
  • 825
  • 09 Jan 2024
Biography
Nikesh Lagun
Nikesh Lagun (born October 24, 2005) is a Nepalese independent researcher and interdisciplinary writer known for developing Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA), a proposed structural field within cognitive psychology that models the internal configuration of cognitive effort and task engagement [1][2]. His foundational contribution to the field is Lagunian Dynamics, a first-principles theory that f
  • 824
  • 06 May 2025
Topic Review
Self-Determined Regulation/Achievement Goals/Sport Commitment in Masters Swimmers
Self-determination theory (SDT) is the predominant theory of human motivation. SDT explains how human motivation can be affected by personal, social and environmental factors. Achievement goals are defined as the reasons or aims that drive an individual’s behaviour. This theory holds that the aim of an individual in achievement situations is to show ability, and that, depending on what such individuals consider achievement, they will present different types of goals. The theory of sport commitment defines the concept as the psychological state representing the resolve to continue participating in sport.
  • 818
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Real-Time Coaching Program
Real-time coaching programs are designed to give feedback on driving behavior to usage-based motor insurance users; they are often general purpose programs that aim to promote smooth driving. 
  • 815
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Reflective Mind of the Anxious in Action
The Attentional Control Theory (ACT) posits that, while trait anxiety may not directly impact performance, it can influence processing efficiency by prompting the use of compensatory mechanisms. The specific nature of these mechanisms, which might be reflective, is not detailed by the ACT.
  • 805
  • 27 Mar 2024
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