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Topic Review
Biospeckle Analysis and Biofilm Electrostatic Tests
The development of more sensitive methodologies, capable of quickly detecting and monitoring a microbial population present in a specific biological matrix, as well as performing to allow for the study of all its metabolic changes (e.g., during the formation of biofilm) to occur, is an essential requirement for both well-being and the food industry. Two techniques, in particular, have gained the attention of scientists: The first is “biospeckle”, an optical technique representing an innovative tool for applications in food quality, food safety, and nutraceuticals.  A second technique with great chances is the “biofilm electrostatic test” (BET). BET undoubtedly represents a fast, simple, and highly reproducible tool suitable for admitting the evaluation of the in vitro bacterial capacity in order to adhere through an electrostatic interaction with a pyro-electrified carrier after only 2 h of incubation.
  • 507
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Graphene Oxide-Based Multi-Functionalization Coatings
Graphene oxide (GO), derived from the two-dimensional nanosheet graphene, has received unprecedented attention in the field of metal corrosion protection owing to its excellent barrier performance and various active functional groups. 
  • 505
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Effects of TBR on GaN-based Semiconductor Devices
Wide-bandgap gallium nitride (GaN)-based semiconductors offer significant advantages over traditional Si-based semiconductors in terms of high-power and high-frequency operations. As it has superior properties, such as high operating temperatures, high-frequency operation, high breakdown electric field, and enhanced radiation resistance, GaN is applied in various fields, such as power electronic devices, renewable energy systems, light-emitting diodes, and radio frequency (RF) electronic devices. When a current flows through the transistor channels during operation, the self-heating effect (SHE) deriving from joule heat generation causes a significant increase in the temperature. Increases in the channel temperature reduce the carrier mobility and cause a shift in the threshold voltage, resulting in significant performance degradation. Moreover, temperature increases cause substantial lifetime reductions. Accordingly, GaN-based HEMTs are operated at a low power, although they have demonstrated high RF output power potential. The SHE is expected to be even more important in future advanced technology designs, such as gate-all-around field-effect transistor (GAAFET) and three-dimensional (3D) IC architectures. Materials with high thermal conductivities, such as silicon carbide (SiC) and diamond, are good candidates as substrates for heat dissipation in GaN-based semiconductors. However, the thermal boundary resistance (TBR) of the GaN/substrate interface is a bottleneck for heat dissipation.
  • 502
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Membrane-Based Biogas and Biohydrogen Upgrading
Biogas and biohydrogen, due to their renewable nature and zero carbon footprint, are considered two of the gaseous biofuels that will replace conventional fossil fuels. Biogas from anaerobic digestion must be purified and converted into high-quality biomethane prior to use as a vehicle fuel or injection into natural gas networks.
  • 499
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Geothermal Heat Exchangers
Geothermal energy is likely to be a significant contributor in achieving sustainable energy goals and net-zero emissions targets. Within geothermal power plants, heat exchangers play a critical role in harnessing this renewable energy source. However, these heat exchangers encounter significant challenges when exposed to geothermal fluids, including erosion, corrosion, and scaling, which adversely affects their performance and longevity.
  • 490
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Reinforcement Materials
The role of the reinforcement in a composite material is mainly one of increasing the mechanical and anti-corrosion properties of the system, but the intrinsic properties of nanofillers, as well as their size, morphology, chemical functional groups, and their amounts, influence significantly many more properties of nanocomposites.
  • 481
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Pathways to Create Containers for Bacteriophage Delivery
Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health threat. One of the possible ways to solve this problem is phage therapy, but the instability of bacteriophages hinders the development of this approach. A bacteriophage delivery system that stabilizes the phage is one of the possible solutions to this problem. 
  • 476
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
VASE of Graphene-Based Films
The interaction of graphene oxide (GO) with magnetron-sputtered metals is a promising research area. VASE optical models of GO thin films deposited on magnetron-sputtered titanium (Ti), silver (Ag) and gold (Au) are discussed. Moreover, the optical properties of graphene nanoplatelet (GNPS) films and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) stabilized with Poly(Sodium 4-Styrenesulfonate) (PSS) films, which are less studied graphene-related materials, are shown. Finally, different optical behaviors of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer graphene films on silicon and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates are recapitulated.
  • 475
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Superhydrophobic Titanium-Based Implants for Antibacterial Applications
Titanium and its alloys have been extensively used as implant materials in clinic settings. However, implant-associated bacterial infection or inflammation remains a primary cause of implantation failure, which threatens human health, and has already become a global issue. A superhydrophobic surface endowed with a water contact angle higher than 150° has attracted widespread attention in antibacterial applications for their self-cleaning and low-adhesion properties, which has emerged as an important path in preventing biofilm formation.
  • 475
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pd-Based Thin Films for Optical H2 Sensors
Pd-based optical H2 sensors (i.e., sensors employing Pd either as the main sensing material or for only catalyzing the dissociation of H2 before this is absorbed by the main sensing material) rely on probing either (1) intensity changes of the transmittance/reflectance or (2) frequency shifts of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) upon exposure of the sensing element to H2. Transmission/reflection sensors (discussed here) rely on changes in the optical properties of the sensing material upon exposure to H2, which can be easily probed by a simple light detector or a conventional optical spectrophotometer.
  • 472
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Graphene Nanoplatelets Screen-Printed on Woven and Knitted Fabrics
Although the force/pressure applied onto a textile substrate through a uniaxial compression is constant and independent of the yarn direction, it should be noted that such mechanical action causes a geometric change in the substrate, which can be identified by the reduction in its lateral thickness. Therefore, researchers investigate the influence of the fabric orientation on both knitted and woven pressure sensors, in order to generate knowledge for a better design process during textile piezoresistive sensor development.
  • 450
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Hydrogels from Cellulose
Hydrogels are three-dimensional, hydrophilic networks composed of a variety of polymeric materials linked by chemical (covalent bonds) or physical (non-covalent interactions) cross-linking. The unique hydrophilic nature of hydrogels provides a promising solution for food packaging systems, specifically in regulating moisture levels and serving as carriers for bioactive substances, which can greatly affect the shelf life of food products. In essence, the synthesis of cellulose-based hydrogels (CBHs) from cellulose and its derivatives has resulted in hydrogels with several appealing features such as flexibility, water absorption, swelling capacity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, stimuli sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness.
  • 450
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Luminescent Properties of Lanthanide Metal–Organic Frameworks
Lanthanide Metal–Organic Frameworks (LnMOFs) have developed into an interesting subclass of MOFs. LnMOFs have become interesting thanks to their outstanding properties, for example, excellent structural flexibility, tunable pore size, surface area, functionality, and good chemical stability. Significant progress in the preparation of MOF films has been achieved, especially towards the development of green, or at least greener, synthesis approaches.
  • 445
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Different Types of Solar Cells
Solar energy is free from noise and environmental pollution. It could be used to replace non-renewable sources such as fossil fuels, which are in limited supply and have negative environmental impacts. The first generation of solar cells was made from crystalline silicon. They were relatively efficient, however very expensive because they require a lot of energy to purify the silicon. The production of solar cells has been improved since the first generation (thin-film solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and organic solar cells).
  • 442
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Mitigating Shuttle Effect in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries by Separators
Lithium–sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered one of the most promising energy storage systems due to their high theoretical capacity, high theoretical capacity density, and low cost. However, challenges such as poor conductivity of sulfur (S) elements in active materials, the “shuttle effect” caused by lithium polysulfide, and the growth of lithium dendrites impede the commercial development of Li-S batteries. As a crucial component of the battery, the separator plays a vital role in mitigating the shuttle effect caused by polysulfide. Traditional polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyimide separators are constrained by their inherent limitations, rendering them unsuitable for direct application in lithium–sulfur batteries. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of novel separators. 
  • 440
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Special Wettability Metal–Organic Frameworks-Based Membranes for Oil–Water Separation
The presence of oily wastewater poses a significant threat to both the ecological environment and public health. In order to solve this problem, the design and preparation of an efficient oil–water separation membrane is very important. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are currently a promising material for oil–water separation due to their tunable wettability, adjustable pore size and also low density, high porosity, and high surface area. Therefore, MOFs-based membranes show great potential in the field of oil–water separation. 
  • 435
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Proton-Conducting Zirconates in Electrochemical Hydrogen Devices
Hydrogen-based energy can play a vital role in this aspect. This energy is green, clean, and renewable. Electrochemical hydrogen devices have been used extensively in nuclear power plants to manage hydrogen-based renewable fuel. Doped zirconate materials are commonly used as an electrolyte in these electrochemical devices. These materials have excellent physical stability and high proton transport numbers, which make them suitable for multiple applications. Doping enhances the physical and electronic properties of zirconate materials and makes them ideal for practical applications. 
  • 422
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tribocorrosion Behavior of Aluminum Alloys
Tribocorrosion is a material degradation process caused by the combined effect of wear and corrosion. The complexity of tribocorrosion lies in the fact that the chemical and mechanical attacks are not independent of each other but often act synergistically to cause accelerated failure.
  • 419
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are defined as crystalline organic polymers with programmable topological architectures using properly predesigned building blocks precursors. Since the development of the first COF in 2005, many works are emerging using this kind of material for different applications, such as the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors. COF shows superb characteristics, such as tuneable pore size and structure, permanent porosity, high surface area, thermal stability, and low density. Apart from these special properties, COF’s electrochemical behaviour can be modulated using electroactive building blocks. Furthermore, the great variety of functional groups that can be inserted in their structures makes them interesting materials to be conjugated with biological recognition elements, such as antibodies, enzymes, DNA probe, aptamer, etc. Moreover, the possibility of linking them with other special nanomaterials opens a wide range of possibilities to develop new electrochemical sensors and biosensors.
  • 417
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Strain Study of Cuprate Superconductors
Cuprate superconductors have attracted extensive attention due to their broad promising application prospects. Among the factors affecting superconductivity, the effect of strain cannot be ignored, which can significantly enhance or degrade superconductivity. The method of strain application, measurement techniques, and influences in detail are described.
  • 416
  • 18 Oct 2022
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