Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Min Hyuk Kim
 + 1138 word(s) 1138 2021-09-23 18:16:37 |
2 The format is correct
Lindsay Dong
 Meta information modification 1138 2021-09-28 08:34:28 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Kim, M.H. Glomerular Filtration Rate' Prognostic Potential. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/14587 (accessed on 17 April 2024).
Kim MH. Glomerular Filtration Rate' Prognostic Potential. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/14587. Accessed April 17, 2024.
Kim, Min Hyuk. "Glomerular Filtration Rate' Prognostic Potential" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/14587 (accessed April 17, 2024).
Kim, M.H. (2021, September 27). Glomerular Filtration Rate' Prognostic Potential. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/14587
Kim, Min Hyuk. "Glomerular Filtration Rate' Prognostic Potential." Encyclopedia. Web. 27 September, 2021.
Glomerular Filtration Rate' Prognostic Potential
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/jcm10184155

Tumors originating in urothelial cells, including ureter to renal pelvis, are known as upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUCs). 

prognosis upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma renal function renal insufficiency

1. Introduction

UTUCs are rare malignant tumors that account for approximately 5–10% of all urothelial cancers [1][2][3]. Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with bladder cuffing represents the ultimate treatment for highly recurrent UTUC [4][5]. In previous studies, the classification of five-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) was based on pathologic stages. The 5-year CSS exceeded 90% when the final pathological result was pT1 (non-muscle invasive cancer) or less. However, the 5-year CSS decreased to 40% when the pathological result was pT3 or higher [6]. This finding suggests that RNU is sufficient for organ-confined early-stage UTUC, whereas RNU alone is insufficient for non-organ confined advanced UTUC with non-organ confined or lymph node metastasis. Complete lymph node dissection along with RNU can increase CSS in patients with UTUCs (pT3 or higher) [7][8][9][10]. Other studies reported that adjuvant chemotherapy with locally advanced UTUC (pT3N0/Nx, pT4N0/Nx, or pTanyN+) can effectively increase CSS [11]. Based on the findings of previous studies, locally advanced UTUCs are an indication for lymph node dissection and adjuvant chemotherapy.
Several prognostic factors for UTUC have been reported. Postoperative pathological parameters such as pathologic tumor stage (pT), lympho-vascular invasion (LVI), tumor grade, tumor necrosis, lymph node (LN) involvement, surgical margin, and histological variants are strong prognostic factors. Preoperative prognostic factors include the presence of hydronephrosis, serum CRP, tumor size, tumor location, history of previous bladder cancer, age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. However, most of the studies reporting various prognostic factors were retrospective in design.
CKD is a common disease diagnosed in the elderly population. It is associated with malignancies of kidney and ureter [22][23]. The underlying treatment for UTUC is radical resection of the kidney, leaving the patient with a unilateral kidney for survival after surgery. As the unilateral kidney after the surgery needs to perform the function of both kidneys, the patient’s renal function might be reduced compared with the level before the surgery, which could result in CKD and affect survival [24][25] Renal function is particularly important in patients with locally advanced UTUC because of the need for adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery.

2. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate as a Prognostic Factor

Ito et al. [7] analyzed 70 patients with N0M0 UTUC who underwent unilateral RNU between 1999 and 2012. The survival rate was expressed as a 3-year extraurothelial recurrence-free survival rate (EURFS). In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the EURFS had a worse outcome in patients with a preoperative eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (HR: 6.579, 95% CI: 1.934–22.222, p = 0.0026). Yeh et al. [26] investigated the postoperative prognosis according to the presence of preoperative hydronephrosis and flank pain in 472 UTUC patients who underwent RNU in a single medical center from 1991 to 2013. The survival rate was expressed as 5-year CSS and 5-year OS using the Kaplan–Meier method. The eGFR was set at 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Those with preoperative hydronephrosis and flank pain had worse outcomes of 5-year CSS and 5-year OS, respectively. Since preoperative hydronephrosis and flank pain were associated with preoperative renal function, patients with eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 before surgery had worse outcomes of 5-year CSS (HR: 1.691, 95% CI: 1.071–2.669, p = 0.024) and 5-year OS (HR: 1.577, 95% CI: 1.045–2.382, p = 0.030). Ehdaie et al. [27] developed a model to predict the prognosis of 253 patients who underwent RNU for UTUC between 1995 and 2008. A multivariable Cox regression model was used and eGFR was set as a continuous variable. Survival rates were expressed as 5-year CSS and 5-year PFS. The higher the preoperative eGFR, the better was the 5-year PFS (HR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.61–0.88, p < 0.001) and 5-year CSS (HR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.61–0.90, p = 0.002).
These preceding studies showed that preoperative renal function was positively correlated with CSS, PFS, and OS of patients with UTUC. However, Xylinas et al. [28] showed no association between preoperative renal function and survival rate of patients with UTUC who underwent RNU. Xylinas et al. investigated 781 patients with UTUC treated with RNU from 1994 to 2007 at seven different centers. The preoperative eGFR criterion was set at 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and the postoperative eGFR criterion was set at 45 mL/min/1.73 m2. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were used. Neither preoperative nor postoperative eGFR was associated with 5-year CSS, PFS, or OS. In our systematic review and meta-analysis, eight studies demonstrated a relationship between PFS and preoperative eGFR (adjusted HR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.23–1.80, p < 0.00001). In five studies, PFS and preoperative eGFR showed a significant positive correlation. Although one study showed a positive correlation and two studies showed a negative correlation, all three studies showed no significant correlations. Nine studies showed a relationship between CSS and preoperative eGFR. Although one study showed a negative correlation between CSS and preoperative eGFR and two studies showed a positive correlation, none of them showed statistically significant correlation between CSS and preoperative eGFR. The remaining six studies showed a significant positive relationship between the two (adjusted HR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.38–1.92, p < 0.00001). Seven studies showed a relationship between OS and preoperative eGFR. Although one study showed a negative relationship, the correlation was not significant. Six studies showed a positive relationship between OS and preoperative eGFR. However, only three studies showed significant correlation between the two variables (adjusted HR: 1.22, 95% CI, 1.10–1.35, p < 0.00001). Results of this study confirmed that the preoperative renal function of patients was closely related to their survival rate after RNU.
Several previous studies have shown that renal function decreases after kidney surgery [28][29][30]. Although patients who underwent radical nephrectomy had severe renal impairment more than those who underwent partial nephrectomy, the rate of CKD was increased postoperatively in patients with partial nephrectomy [31]. In addition, UTUC patients who underwent radical nephrectomy had significantly higher serum creatinine increase and higher rates of ESRD hemodialysis than those of RCC patients (HR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.88–4.49, p < 0.001) [29]. Some studies have shown that patients with CKD or ESRD exhibited a lower survival rate than that of those with normal renal function [24][25]. If UTUC patients manifest reduced preoperative renal function, they carry a high probability of developing CKD or ESRD due to their decreased renal function after radical nephrectomy-based RNU. Therefore, it can be inferred that they will have poor outcomes such as disease prognosis and survival rate.
Patients with non-organ-confined or lymph node metastasis undergoing UTUC require adjuvant chemotherapy because it is impossible to perform surgical treatment. Adjuvant chemotherapy for UTUC basically entails a combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin [32][33]. Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity is well known [34][35]. When cisplatin is absorbed into renal tubular cells, it can trigger an inflammatory response via multiple signaling pathways, leading to histological damage. Cisplatin also affects renal vessels and causes ischemic damage [36]. Therefore, patients with reduced renal function cannot use cisplatin-based chemotherapy and, thus, exhibit a worse survival rate.

3. Conclusion

In conclusion, patients with decreased eGFR before surgery manifested poor PFS, CSS, and OS after RNU. Thus, a large-scale prospective study is needed in the future.

References

  1. Munoz, J.J.; Ellison, L.M. Upper tract urothelial neoplasms: Incidence and survival during the last 2 decades. J. Urol. 2000, 164, 1523–1525.
  2. Siegel, R.; Ma, J.; Zou, Z.; Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2014, 64, 9–29.
  3. Raman, J.D.; Messer, J.; Sielatycki, J.A.; Hollenbeak, C.S. Incidence and survival of patients with carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis in the USA, 1973–2005. BJU Int. 2011, 107, 1059–1064.
  4. Rouprêt, M.; Babjuk, M.; Comperat, E.; Zigeuner, R.; Sylvester, R.; Burger, M.; Cowan, N.; Böhle, A.; Van Rhijn, B.W.; Kaasinen, E. European guidelines on upper tract urothelial carcinomas: 2013 update. Eur. Urol. 2013, 63, 1059–1071.
  5. Rouprêt, M.; Zigeuner, R.; Palou, J.; Boehle, A.; Kaasinen, E.; Sylvester, R.; Babjuk, M.; Oosterlinck, W. European guidelines for the diagnosis and management of upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinomas: 2011 update. Eur. Urol. 2011, 59, 584–594.
  6. Hall, M.C.; Womack, S.; Sagalowsky, A.I.; Carmody, T.; Erickstad, M.D.; Roehrborn, C.G. Prognostic factors, recurrence, and survival in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: A 30-year experience in 252 patients. Urology 1998, 52, 594–601.
  7. Ito, K.; Kuroda, K.; Asakuma, J.; Hamada, S.; Tachi, K.; Tasaki, S.; Sato, A.; Horiguchi, A.; Seguchi, K.; Asano, T. Preoperative risk factors for extraurothelial recurrence in patients with ureteral cancer treated with radical nephroureterectomy. J. Urol. 2014, 191, 1685–1692.
  8. Kondo, T.; Nakazawa, H.; Ito, F.; Hashimoto, Y.; Toma, H.; Tanabe, K. Impact of the extent of regional lymphadenectomy on the survival of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. J. Urol. 2007, 178, 1212–1217.
  9. Kondo, T.; Tanabe, K. The role of lymph node dissection in the management of urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 16, 170–178.
  10. Roscigno, M.; Cozzarini, C.; Bertini, R.; Scattoni, V.; Freschi, M.; Da Pozzo, L.F.; Briganti, A.; Gallina, A.; Capitanio, U.; Colombo, R. Prognostic value of lymph node dissection in patients with muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Eur. Urol. 2008, 53, 794–802.
  11. Raman, J.D.; Lin, Y.K.; Kaag, M.; Atkinson, T.; Crispen, P.; Wille, M.; Smith, N.; Hockenberry, M.; Guzzo, T.; Peyronnet, B.; et al. High rates of advanced disease, complications, and decline of renal function after radical nephroureterectomy. Urol. Oncol. 2014, 32, 47.e9–47.e14.
  12. Saito, K.; Kawakami, S.; Ohtsuka, Y.; Fujii, Y.; Masuda, H.; Kumagai, J.; Kobayashi, T.; Kageyama, Y.; Kihara, K. The impact of preoperative serum C-reactive protein on the prognosis of patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma treated surgically. BJU Int. 2007, 100, 269–273.
  13. Kikuchi, E.; Margulis, V.; Karakiewicz, P.I.; Roscigno, M.; Mikami, S.; Lotan, Y.; Remzi, M.; Bolenz, C.; Langner, C.; Weizer, A. Lymphovascular invasion predicts clinical outcomes in patients with node-negative upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27, 612–618.
  14. Margulis, V.; Shariat, S.F.; Matin, S.F.; Kamat, A.M.; Zigeuner, R.; Kikuchi, E.; Lotan, Y.; Weizer, A.; Raman, J.D.; Wood, C.G. Outcomes of radical nephroureterectomy: A series from the Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Collaboration. Cancer 2009, 115, 1224–1233.
  15. Zigeuner, R.; Shariat, S.F.; Margulis, V.; Karakiewicz, P.I.; Roscigno, M.; Weizer, A.; Kikuchi, E.; Remzi, M.; Raman, J.D.; Bolenz, C. Tumour necrosis is an indicator of aggressive biology in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Eur. Urol. 2010, 57, 575–581.
  16. Rouprêt, M.; Babjuk, M.; Compérat, E.; Zigeuner, R.; Sylvester, R.J.; Burger, M.; Cowan, N.C.; Böhle, A.; Van Rhijn, B.W.; Kaasinen, E.; et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Cell Carcinoma: 2015 Update. Eur. Urol. 2015, 68, 868–879.
  17. Favaretto, R.L.; Shariat, S.F.; Chade, D.C.; Godoy, G.; Adamy, A.; Kaag, M.; Bochner, B.H.; Coleman, J.; Dalbagni, G. The effect of tumor location on prognosis in patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Eur. Urol. 2010, 58, 574–580.
  18. Otto, W.; Shariat, S.F.; Fritsche, H.M.; Gupta, A.; Matsumoto, K.; Kassouf, W.; Martignoni, G.; Walton, T.J.; Tritschler, S.; Baba, S.; et al. Concomitant carcinoma in situ as an independent prognostic parameter for recurrence and survival in upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A multicenter analysis of 772 patients. World J. Urol. 2011, 29, 487–494.
  19. Cho, K.S.; Hong, S.J.; Cho, N.H.; Choi, Y.D. Grade of hydronephrosis and tumor diameter as preoperative prognostic factors in ureteral transitional cell carcinoma. Urology 2007, 70, 662–666.
  20. Rink, M.; Robinson, B.D.; Green, D.A.; Cha, E.K.; Hansen, J.; Comploj, E.; Margulis, V.; Raman, J.D.; Ng, C.K.; Remzi, M. Impact of histological variants on clinical outcomes of patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. J. Urol. 2012, 188, 398–404.
  21. Li, W.-M.; Li, C.-C.; Ke, H.-L.; Wu, W.-J.; Huang, C.-N.; Huang, C.-H. The prognostic predictors of primary ureteral transitional cell carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy. J. Urol. 2009, 182, 451–458.
  22. Kuroda, K.; Asakuma, J.; Horiguchi, A.; Kawaguchi, M.; Shinchi, M.; Masunaga, A.; Tasaki, S.; Sato, A.; Ito, K. Chronic kidney disease and positive surgical margins as prognosticators for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma patients undergoing radical nephroureterectomy. Mol. Clin. Oncol. 2019, 10, 547–554.
  23. Stewart, J.H.; Buccianti, G.; Agodoa, L.; Gellert, R.; McCredie, M.R.; Lowenfels, A.B.; Disney, A.P.; Wolfe, R.A.; Boyle, P.; Maisonneuve, P. Cancers of the kidney and urinary tract in patients on dialysis for end-stage renal disease: Analysis of data from the United States, Europe, and Australia and New Zealand. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003, 14, 197–207.
  24. Tonelli, M.; Wiebe, N.; Culleton, B.; House, A.; Rabbat, C.; Fok, M.; McAlister, F.; Garg, A.X. Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk: A systematic review. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006, 17, 2034–2047.
  25. Fried, L.F.; Katz, R.; Sarnak, M.J.; Shlipak, M.G.; Chaves, P.H.; Jenny, N.S.; Stehman-Breen, C.; Gillen, D.; Bleyer, A.J.; Hirsch, C. Kidney function as a predictor of noncardiovascular mortality. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2005, 16, 3728–3735.
  26. Yeh, H.C.; Jan, H.C.; Wu, W.J.; Li, C.C.; Li, W.M.; Ke, H.L.; Huang, S.P.; Liu, C.C.; Lee, Y.C.; Yang, S.F.; et al. Concurrent Preoperative Presence of Hydronephrosis and Flank Pain Independently Predicts Worse Outcome of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0139624.
  27. Ehdaie, B.; Shariat, S.F.; Savage, C.; Coleman, J.; Dalbagni, G. Postoperative nomogram for disease recurrence and cancer-specific death for upper tract urothelial carcinoma: Comparison to American Joint Committee on Cancer staging classification. Urol. J. 2014, 11, 1435–1441.
  28. Xylinas, E.; Rink, M.; Margulis, V.; Clozel, T.; Lee, R.K.; Comploj, E.; Novara, G.; Raman, J.D.; Lotan, Y.; Weizer, A.; et al. Impact of renal function on eligibility for chemotherapy and survival in patients who have undergone radical nephro-ureterectomy. BJU Int. 2013, 112, 453–461.
  29. Lee, K.-H.; Chen, Y.-T.; Chung, H.-J.; Liu, J.-S.; Hsu, C.-C.; Tarng, D.-C. Kidney disease progression in patients of upper tract urothelial carcinoma following unilateral radical nephroureterectomy. Ren. Fail. 2016, 38, 77–83.
  30. Leppert, J.T.; Lamberts, R.W.; Thomas, I.-C.; Chung, B.I.; Sonn, G.A.; Skinner, E.C.; Wagner, T.H.; Chertow, G.M.; Brooks, J.D. Incident CKD after radical or partial nephrectomy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2018, 29, 207–216.
  31. Clark, M.A.; Shikanov, S.; Raman, J.D.; Smith, B.; Kaag, M.; Russo, P.; Wheat, J.C.; Wolf, J.S.; Matin, S.F.; Huang, W.C. Chronic kidney disease before and after partial nephrectomy. J. Urol. 2011, 185, 43–48.
  32. Yoneyama, T.; Tobisawa, Y.; Yoneyama, T.; Yamamoto, H.; Imai, A.; Mori, K.; Hatakeyama, S.; Hashimoto, Y.; Koie, T.; Ohyama, C. Sequential chemotherapy with gemcitabine plus carboplatin, followed by additional docetaxel for aged patients with advanced upper-tract urothelial cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015, 33, 344.
  33. Birtle, A.; Johnson, M.; Chester, J.; Jones, R.; Dolling, D.; Bryan, R.T.; Harris, C.; Winterbottom, A.; Blacker, A.; Catto, J.W. Adjuvant chemotherapy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (the POUT trial): A phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2020, 395, 1268–1277.
  34. Von Hoff, D.D.; Schilsky, R.; Reichert, C.M.; Reddick, R.L.; Rozencweig, M.; Young, R.C.; Muggia, F.M. Toxic effects of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) in man. Cancer Treat. Rep. 1979, 63, 1527–1531.
  35. Arany, I.; Safirstein, R.L. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Semin. Nephrol. 2003, 23, 460–464.
  36. Pabla, N.; Dong, Z. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: Mechanisms and renoprotective strategies. Kidney Int. 2008, 73, 994–1007.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Urology & Nephrology
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Min Hyuk Kim
View Times: 335
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 28 Sep 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback