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Genomic organization and expression, and key domains of four nidoviruses. The coding regions are partitioned into ORF1a (yellow), ORF1b (violet) and the 3′ORFs (blue), which also differ in expression mechanism as indicated on top. Black squares, ribosomal frameshifting sites. Within ORFs (white rectangles), colored patterns highlight domains identified in: all nidoviruses [TM2, TM3, 3CLpro, RdRp, and Zn-cluster binding domain fused with HEL1 (ZmHEL1) [114] - light and dark blue], large nidoviruses (ExoN, OMT - orange), certain clades (NMT, NendoU - red; ronivirus-specific domain (RsD) - light green; arterivirus-specific domain (AsD) - dark green). Genomic organizations are shown for Beluga whale coronavirus SW1 (corona), gill-associated virus (roni), Nam Dinh virus (mesoni), and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus North American type (arteri).
Chris Lauber, Jelle J. Goeman, Maria del Carmen Parquet, Phan Thi Nga, Eric J. Snijder, Kouichi Morita, and Alexander E. Gorbalenya
24 Jan 2024
Prunus cerasifera 'Atropurpurea', known as "purple leaf plum" because of its purple-red leaves all year round.
31 Aug 2023
Gold is characterized by a very low refractive index value in the visible spectral region (n=0.18104 at 632.8 nm). As a consequence, thin films of gold and 2D superlattices of gold nanoparticles constitute optical media characterized by ultra-low refractive indices. Here, a 2D superlattice of thioaurite (gold dodecylthiolate), obtained by a simple chemical synthesis based on alcoholic reduction of tetrachloroauric acid in presence of PVP followed by the PVP exchange with thiol [1], has been observed perpendicularly to its surface (left-side image) and obliquely (right-side image). The limiting angle for total internal reflection is quite low because of the ultra-low refractive index value of the 2D superlattice and therefore the thioaurite film appears like a mirror as the observer moves from the perpendicular position for an certain angle. The blue coloration of the film is related to the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) of gold nanoparticles derivatized by a monolayer of thiol.
23 Jan 2024
This is an acrylic painting on cardboard with vibrant colors.
22 Aug 2023
This photo summarizes the main application of gut microbiota (GM) in cases with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
30 May 2024
This negatively-stained transmission electron micrograph (TEM) revealed the presence of numerous doulble-stranded, full-length DNA-containing (dsDNA) spumavirus, or foamyvirus virions. One of the identifying morphologic characteristics displayed by these virions is the spikey nature of their protective proteinaceous capsid, which is a feature evident in this TEM.
Public Health Image Library
17 Jan 2024
Graphene oxide (GO) is a monolayer material with high oxygen content, indeed the C/O atomic ratio is in between 2-3. GO is prepared by an oxidation and exfoliation process that is accompanied by an extensive oxidative modification of the basal plane. Thin membranes prepared by drying GO aqueous solutions are named ‘graphite oxide paper’ [1], such type of carbon-based material allows water molecules to pass through, while it restricts harmful gases.
22 Jan 2024
Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O) has a low melting point (39°C) and in presence of graphite flakes the liquid salt spontaneously intercalates in the graphite sheets, thus generating a graphite intercalation compound (GIC). At higher temperatures, the graphite intercalation compound expands because of water evaporation and gaseous chlorine generation by the thermal decomposition of the anhydrous iron(III) salt. In particular, after dehydration, FeCl3 decomposes to form chlorine (Cl2) and iron(II) chloride (FeCl2), which in turn disproportionates to generate elemental iron (Fe) and FeCl3, up to a complete conversion of the salt to elemental iron. Since the resulting expanded graphite filaments contain elemental iron nanoparticles, this material shows ferromagnetic properties [1].
29 Jan 2024
Allows the solutions used: HCl, triethanolamine, bromophenol blue and acetic acid.
25 May 2023
Metal nanoparticles in situ generated by thermal decomposition of thermolytic metal precursors (e.g., metal thiolates, metal acetylacetonates, metal chlorides) dissolved in a molten polymer matrix have initially a raspberry microstructure (aggregate of many shapeless nanoparticles). After complete coalescence of these shapeless nanoparticles, a single spherical particle is achieved [1].
29 Jan 2024
After the iron oxide solution has cooled, 50 mL of acetic acid and copper complexonate are added. in boiling, the PAN indicator is added and with 0.03 mole of EDTA the solution must be yellow.
29 May 2023
50mL of triethanolamine N(CH2CH2OH) are added and to go from an acidic medium to a basic medium, NaOH is added until pH=12.5. then the EDTA solution is added to obtain the violet color which signifies the presence of calcium oxide.
29 May 2023
One ml of different sample concentrations was added to 2.5 ml of PBS (pH 6.6) and 2.5 ml of potassium ferricyanide (1%). The mixture was incubated for 20 minutes at 50°C, and after the incubation period, 2.5 ml of 10% trichloroacetic acid was added, followed by centrifugation at 200 g for 10 minutes. 2.5 ml of the supernatant was added to 2.5 ml of distilled water and 0.5 ml of 0.1% ferric chloride solution (FeCl3). The measurement of the color formed by the reduction of Fe3+ at 700 nm was used to determine the sample concentration providing 0.5 absorbance (EC50). Ascorbic acid was used as the standard. The Ferric Reducing Power (FRP) test is based on the ability of the plant extract to reduce potassium ferricyanide Fe3+ (yellow ferric iron) to potassium ferrocyanide Fe2+ (blue/green ferrous iron). Trichloroacetic acid is used to stop the redox reaction. After centrifugation, potassium ferrocyanide Fe2+ reacts with FeCl3, forming a ferric-ferrous complex whose absorbance was measured at 700 nm.
03 Sep 2023
Regulation of the production of secondary metabolites (SM) in the fungal cell according to the piano principle [1]. (a) – under initial physiological conditions, SMs are not synthesized in the fungal cell (the piano does not make sounds). The biosynthetic gene clusters, BGCs (piano keys), required for production of SM, are located in the heterochromatin regions and are inaccessible for gene expression (piano keys are not available for pressing), since there is no activation by epigenetic global regulators of SM capable of transferring BGCs loci to the euchromatin state (fallboard closed). There is also no activation from the side of the global regulators of the cell (the music stand is closed), as well as cross-cluster and path-specific controls (piano lid closed). Since there is no sound (SM biosynthesis), this process is not affected by mediators (pressing the piano pedals). The background of the figure is filled with a photograph of a colony of Penicillium chrysogenum STG-117 (MW556011.1) after cultivation on Czapek Dox agar (CDA) medium for 5 days, 26 °C. The microorganism is at the trophophase stage, since the colony is unstained and the synthesis of secondary pigment metabolites does not yet occur. (b) – for SM biosynthesis by a fungal cell, after receiving an appropriate signal (for example, a pianist with notes has arrived), the epigenetic regulatory system transfers the corresponding BGC loci from the heterochromatic state to the euchromatic state (the piano lid opens). This opens the possibility for gene expression of the corresponding cluster (the ability to press the piano keys). However, expression is also controlled by global cell regulators (opens the music stand, notes are placed on it, this determines the order in which the keys are pressed), as well as cross-cluster and path-specific controls (opening a piano lid). All this leads to pressing a specific key (BGC), which leads to the appearance of the sound corresponding to it (synthesis of the target secondary metabolite). The sound of a single key can be changed, for example, by pressing the forte or piano pedal (also, the complex effect of mediators can increase or, conversely, reduce the production of the target SM). The background of the figure is filled with a photograph of a colony of P. chrysogenum STG-117 after cultivation on CDA medium for 12 days, 26 °C. The appearance of a characteristic pigment color associated with the biosynthesis of chrysogine and sorbicillin SM indicates the transition of the microorganism to the idiophase, which is coproduced by the synthesis of SM.
19 Jul 2023
Yajnavalkya Ashram was the institution of the Vedic sage Yajnavalkya in the Ancient Mithila University. It is located at Jagban village of Madhubani district in Mithila region of Bihar state, India. Yajnavalkya was the vice chancellor of the university of the ancient Mithila around 8th - 10th century BC (Treta Yuga). King Janaka of the Ancient Mithila Kingdom was the Chancellor of the university of the ancient Mithila. The headquarter of the university of the Ancient Mithila was at the court of the King Janaka in Mithila.
Yajnavalkya was a Vedic sage, astronomer, cosmologist , philosopher and teacher in the ancient Mithila Kingdom.
12 Dec 2023
Tulipa gesneriana is a cultivated species of the genus Tulipa in the Liliaceae family, also known as foreign lotus and dry lotus. The origin is Tianshan Mountain in China.
31 Aug 2023
Nostoc is a colonial cyanobacteria, it lives forming sinuous chains that today are twisted into coral necklaces. Each spherical and tiny bead is a cell, and among them, breaking this harmonious monotony, other larger and elongated beads are now discreet, almost invisible and greenish. One after the other, strung together in a multitude of filaments, they create this magical gift that any humid place treasures, today drops among the drops that slide down the walls of the cave. Although cyanobacteria are among the most primitive beings that appeared on Earth, in their colonial groups there is already a differentiation of functions, which constitutes a first step towards specialization. The spherical coral beads, the smallest and most numerous cells, will be responsible for carrying out photosynthesis and mainly manufacture sugars, while the almost invisible, large and greenish ones, much rarer, manufacture proteins.
Proyecto Agua, Flickr Group
23 Jul 2024
The kidney-gut microbiota (GM) bidirectional link has emerged as a new modulator for renal disorders, sparking a growing interest in GM modulation. A growing body of research has recently been directed toward GM's role in forecasting and improving health. Though the role of GMs in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) has been studied, the therapeutic viewpoint of GM use in those particular patients has not been well investigated. The kidney-GM interaction and how this bidirectional link might be used in practice to treat CKD-related morbidities are explored.
Furthermore, therapeutic routes for GM modulation and their safety profile were investigated [1].
12 Sep 2023
Notch signalling pathway. Interaction of the ligands Dll4 and Jagged with the Notch-ECD activates the secretases ADAM and gamma-secretase cleaveage the two domains of Notch (ECD and ICD). Notch-ICD is released in the cytoplasm as an active form and translocates into the nucleus. In the nucleus Notch-ICD interacts with the CSL protein that in the absence of Notch-ID is inactivated by the a co-represor. Activated CSL forms a complex with proteins p300 and MAML1 that activates the transcription of Hes and Hey Notch related genes. ECD, extracellular domain. ICD, intracellular domain.
28 Sep 2023
Boil the samples at 1,000 °C for 30 minutes and add 15 mL of BaCl2. Yellow color indicates the presence of sulfate.
29 May 2023
