Summary

Physics advocates research on unifying chemical bonds and recognized parallels on a different (and non-reductive) level, as per the concept of the Great Unification of Forces in Nature. From this perspective, a Physicochemical Grand Unification of Forces would be a worthy project for humankind in order to increase our undertanding of existence and to improve our lives. This entry collection aims to present an account of chemical bonds and interactions in nano- to maco-environments.

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Topic Review
Reactions of Graphene Nano-Flakes
The elucidation of the mechanism of the chemical evolution of the universe is one of the most important themes in astrophysics. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) provide a two-dimensional reaction field in a three-dimensional interstellar space. Additionally, PAHs play an important role as a model of graphene nanoflake (GNF) in materials chemistry.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Application of Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Methodologies to Metalloproteins
The multiscaling quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach was introduced in 1976, while the extensive acceptance of this methodology started in the 1990s. The combination of QM/MM approach with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, otherwise known as the QM/MM/MD approach, is a powerful and promising tool for the investigation of chemical reactions’ mechanism of complex molecular systems, drug delivery, properties of molecular devices, organic electronics, etc. Applications of the QM/MM methodologies on metalloproteins are presented.  
  • 2.3K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Flexible Stretchable Electrode
Flexible electrode technology is the key to the wide application of flexible electronics. However, flexible electrodes will break when large deformation occurs, failing flexible electronics. It restricts the further development of flexible electronic technology. Flexible stretchable electrodes are a hot research topic to solve the problem that flexible electrodes cannot withstand large deformation. Flexible stretchable electrode materials have excellent electrical conductivity, while retaining excellent mechanical properties in case of large deformation.
  • 2.8K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
“Brick-and-Mortar” Composites Made of 2D Carbon Nanoparticles
Among all biomimetic materials, nacre has drawn great attention from the scientific community, thanks to superior levels of strength and toughness and its brick-and-mortar (B&M) architecture. However, achieving the desired performances is challenging since the mechanical response of the material is influenced by many factors, such as the filler content, the matrix molecular mobility and the compatibility between the two phases. Most importantly, the properties of a macroscopic bulk material strongly depend on the interaction at atomic levels and on their synergetic effect. In particular, the formation of highly-ordered brick-and-mortar structures depends on the interaction forces between the two phases. Consequently, poor mechanical performances of the material are associated with interface issues and low stress transfer from the matrix to the nanoparticles. Therefore, improvement of the interface at the chemical level enhances the mechanical response of the material. 
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Boron Chemicals
Boron-based bioactive compounds have provided amphiphilic properties to facilitate interaction with protein targets. Indeed, the spectrum of boron-based entities as drug candidates against many diseases has grown tremendously since the first clinically tested boron-based drug, Velcade. 
  • 1.8K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Triarylmethyl Radical-Based High-Efficiency OLED
Perchlorotrityl radical (PTM), tris (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) methyl radical (TTM), (3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl) bis (2,4,6 trichlorophenyl) methyl radical (PyBTM), (N-carbazolyl) bis (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) methyl radical (CzBTM), and their derivatives are stable organic radicals that exhibit light emissions at room temperature. Since these triarylmethyl radicals have an unpaired electron, their electron spins at the lowest excited state and ground state are both doublets, and the transition from the lowest excited state to the ground state does not pose the problem of a spin-forbidden reaction. When used as OLED layers, these triarylmethyl radicals exhibit unique light-emitting properties, which can increase the theoretical upper limit of the OLED’s internal quantum efficiency (IQE) to 100%.
  • 2.7K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Recent Advances of Deep Eutectic Solvents
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have gained a lot of attention in the last few years because of their vast applicability in a large number of technological processes, the simplicity of their preparation and their high biocompatibility and harmlessness.
  • 3.1K
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Hybrid Sol-Gel Materials
Microorganism-cell-based biohybrid materials have attracted considerable attention over the last several decades. They are applied in a broad spectrum of areas, such as nanotechnologies, environmental biotechnology, biomedicine, synthetic chemistry, and bioelectronics. Sol-gel technology allows to obtain a wide range of high-purity materials from nanopowders to thin-film coatings with high efficiency and low cost, which makes it one of the preferred techniques for creating organic-inorganic matrices for biocomponent immobilization.
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Defects and Heteroatoms and Supported Graphene Layers
The possibility of using graphene-based materials as “metal-free” catalysts is attracting enormous interest, since it reduces the need for precious or rare elements currently used in heterogeneous catalysis. However, free standing  and perfect graphene is known to be “perfectly inert”, while it is now well established that there is an essential role of defects and dopants in activating its chemical properties.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Nitrogen Bond
The nitrogen bond in chemical systems occurs when there is evidence of a net attractive interaction between the electrophilic region associated with a covalently or coordinately bound nitrogen atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophile in another, or the same molecular entity. It is the first member of the family of pnictogen bonds formed by the first atom of the pnictogen family, Group 15, of the periodic table, and is an inter- or intra-molecular non-covalent interaction.
  • 3.7K
  • 25 Mar 2022
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