Summary

Gastrointestinal disease is a very common and frequently occurring disease, with a wide range of types and a total incidence of about 20% of the population. The cause of gastrointestinal disease is the imbalance between the protective mechanism and the injury mechanism of the human body. While traditional medicine kills harmful bacteria in the stomach, it also kills the beneficial bacteria necessary for the stomach. Although the symptoms are alleviated and inflammation is eliminated, the reduction of beneficial bacteria reduces the gastrointestinal immunity. Once the drug is stopped, it is easy to re-infect. There are many reasons for stomach problems, including genetics, environment, diet, drugs, bacterial infections, etc., as well as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. This collection of entries aims to collect various items related to the topic of gastrointestinal diseases, such as clinical care, case cases, disease research, etc., to help people increase their knowledge and understanding of this common disease

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Entries
Topic Review
The Role of Hydrogel in Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding
GI bleeding is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide resulting in a hospitalization rate of 21 per 100,000 adults, and a mortality rate of 2% to 15%. The surgical closure of GI wounds is key to restoring GI structure and function. There is a substantial interest and need for the development of atraumatic, minimally invasive, and easy-to-apply GI wound closure technologies to provide fluid-tight sealing and promote wound healing for different types of GI defects.
  • 271
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Functional Dyspepsia
Functional dyspepsia is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by postprandial fullness, early satiation, epigastric pain, and epigastric burning. The pathophysiology of the disease is not fully elucidated and there is no permanent cure, although some therapies (drugs or herbal remedies) try to reduce the symptoms.
  • 666
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Microbiota in Liver Transplantation and Related Biliary Complications
Liver transplantation as a treatment option for end-stage liver diseases is associated with a relevant risk for complications. On the one hand, immunological factors and associated chronic graft rejection are major causes of morbidity and carry an increased risk of mortality due to liver graft failure. On the other hand, infectious complications have a major impact on patient outcomes. In addition, abdominal or pulmonary infections, and biliary complications, including cholangitis, are common complications in patients after liver transplantation and can also be associated with a risk for mortality. Thereby, these patients already suffer from gut dysbiosis at the time of liver transplantation due to their severe underlying disease, causing end-stage liver failure. Despite an impaired gut-liver axis, repeated antibiotic therapies can cause major changes in the gut microbiome.
  • 422
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Locoregional Therapies in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most commonly diagnosed primary liver malignancy. Its efficient management depends on early detection, the stage of progression of the disease and underlying liver function. Available curative treatments include liver transplantation, resection and ablation. These are in addition to cryoablation, microwave ablation and percutaneous alcohol injection. In cases of the late detection of HCC, many patients with locally advanced disease and are offered locoregional therapies, including transarterial chemoembolization and selective internal radiation therapy, plus external beam radiation.
  • 363
  • 28 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Endoscopic of the Upper Digestive Tract Management
The European Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recommends immediate (<2 h, maximum 6 h after ingestion) therapeutic endoscopy for foreign bodies causing complete obstruction, sharp objects and batteries or magnets. Urgent endoscopy (<24 h) should also be performed for other esophageal foreign bodies without complete obstruction. Endoscopy of the upper digestive tract is very sensitive in detecting foreign bodies and has the advantage that therapeutic maneuvers can be performed. In addition, endoscopy may reveal pre-existing esophageal pathology leading to obstruction and any mucosal damage.
  • 567
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of death among cancer patients, and the liver is the most common visceral metastatic. Molecular cancer biomarkers are any measurable molecular indicator of the risk of cancer, the occurrence of cancer, or patient outcome, to help personalize treatment and to identify patients who may benefit most from a specific therapy. They may include germline or somatic genetic variants, epigenetic signatures, transcriptional changes, and proteomic signatures.
  • 543
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Motility of Helicobacter spp.
Helicobacter spp., including the well-known human gastric pathogen H. pylori, can cause gastric diseases in humans and other mammals. They are Gram-negative bacteria that colonize the gastric epithelium and use their multiple flagella to move across the protective gastric mucus layer. Different Helicobacter spp. differ in the number and arrangement of flagella, as well as in the size and shape of their cell body. The most well-studied of these is H. pylori, which is unipolar and lophotrichous (multiple flagella at one pole). Some of these bacteria are bipolar, e.g., the lophotrichous H. suis, and the monotrichous H. cetorum. The motility of H. pylori, H. suis, and H. cetorum was described in the review in Microorganisms 2023 linked above. 
  • 530
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Bone Mass and Mineral Metabolism in Celiac Disease
Osteoporosis affects many patients with celiac disease (CD), representing the consequence of calcium malabsorption and persistent activation of mucosal inflammation. A slight increase of fracture risk is evident in this condition, particularly in those with overt malabsorption and in postmenopausal state. The adoption of a correct gluten-free diet (GFD) improves bone derangement, but is not able to normalize bone mass in all the patients. Biomarkers effective in the prediction of bone response to gluten-free diet are not available and the indications of guidelines are still imperfect and debated.
  • 356
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic Methods for Evaluation of Gastric Motility
Gastric motility abnormalities are common in patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction such as functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis. Accurate assessment of the gastric motility in these common disorders can help understand the underlying pathophysiology and guide effective treatment. A variety of clinically applicable diagnostic methods have been developed to objectively evaluate for presence of gastric dysmotility, including tests of gastric accommodation, antroduodenal motility, gastric emptying, and gastric myoelectrical activity. The advances in clinically available diagnostic methods for evaluation of gastric motility are discussed and the advantages and disadvantages of each test are described.
  • 350
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics and General Classification of Gastric Cancer
Gastric tumors have been divided based on their location—cardiac and distal. The former refers to the small paracardial area, while the latter refers to the rest of it. The most popular classification in terms of histology is the Laurén classification, which distinguishes between two types of gastric cancer (GC)—intestinal and diffuse. The first GC subtype is often associated with Helicobacter Pylori and lifestyle, which includes a high intake of table salt and alcohol, a low supply of fruits and vegetables, or smoking. It is estimated that about 15–20% of tumors do not fall under Laurén’s classification and are, therefore, considered intermediate tumors. Clinically, GC can also be divided according to its early or advanced stage. Early gastric cancers refer to small tumors (2–5 cm) that take the form of invasive carcinoma of the gastric mucosa or submucosa. Detection of lesions at their early stage is associated with relatively good survival.
  • 318
  • 03 Mar 2023
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