Summary

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, and the disease now affects nearly every country and region. Caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 continues nearly 18 months later to present significant challenges to health systems and public health in both hemispheres, as well as the economies of every country. The morbidity and mortality of the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been significant, and various waves of disease outbreaks initially overwhelmed many hospitals and clinics and continue to do so in many countries. This influences everyone, and public health countermeasures have been dramatic in terms of their impact on employment, social systems, and mental health. This entry collection aims to gather diverse fields about COVID-19, including in epidemiology, public health, medicine, genetics, systems biology, informatics, data science, engineering, sociology, anthropology, nursing, environmental studies, statistics, and psychology.

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Topic Review
Maskne
The term maskne comes from the contraction of mask-related acne. It means a form of mechanical acne resulting from the continuous adherence and friction between skin and facial mask. It typically appeares as mild papular eruption accompained by comedones and seborrhea on the O-area of the face, especially on chin and cheecks. The prolonged use of mask generates also a hot-humid microclimate on skin surface modifyng sebum production and consequently microbiota.
  • 926
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 in Kidney Transplant Recipients
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a striking impact on kidney transplantation globally. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney transplant patients are one of the populations most vulnerable to the risks of COVID-19. In the United States alone, there are more than half a million people living with end stage renal disease (ESRD).More than 105,234 kidney transplants were performed in 2019 all over the globe. After the outbreak of COVID-19, all surgeries were stopped as an early response to the pandemic. A drastic fall in the number of kidney transplants was observed, with a fall rate of 59.2% from the 105,234-plus kidney transplants (KTx) in 2019 to 42,948 KTx in 2020.
  • 916
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Impacts of COVID-19 on Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector
Fish is a major source of food and nutritional security for subsistence communities in developing countries, it also has linkages with the economic and supply-chain dimensions of these countries. It is revealed that COVID-19 has posed numerous challenges to fish supply chain actors, including a shortage of inputs, a lack of technical assistance, an inability to sell the product, a lack of transportation for the fish supply, export restrictions on fish and fisheries products, and a low fish price. These challenges lead to inadequate production, unanticipated stock retention, and a loss in returns. COVID-19 has also resulted in food insecurity for many small-scale fish growers. Fish farmers are becoming less motivated to raise fish and related products as a result of these cumulative consequences. Because of COVID-19’s different restriction measures, the demand and supply sides of the fish food chain have been disrupted, resulting in reduced livelihoods and economic vulnerability.
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Pandemic on Employee Sleep Quality
COVID-19 was declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020, following a rapid, exponential increase in global cases. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, distress, and suicidal ideations. This study explored the association of the COVID-19 pandemic and employee sleep quality at a healthcare technology and services organization.
  • 888
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Secondary Education and COVID-19
Secondary education is the second stage of formal education and traditionally begins after primary school, usually about age 11 to 13. The COVID-19 pandemic caused immeasurable changes to the educational system which inevitably greatly impacted secondary education. The current entry describes the changes in secondary education imposed by the pandemic and explores the accompanying challenges.
  • 3.8K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Child Labour in Developing Countries during Pandemics
Child labour refers to minors aged 5–11 engaged in any economic activity or at least 28 h of domestic activities, minors aged 12–14 engaged in any economic activity, excluding light work for no more than 14 h weekly and minors aged 15–16 engaged in any hazardous work. Child labour includes activities that deprive minors of their childhood, potential and dignity and could negatively affect their mental and physical development.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Pregnant and Postpartum Women Requiring Care for COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 is a coronavirus classified in the same subgroup as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Both can cause a variety of respiratory illnesses ranging in severity from a common cold to severe pneumonia, inflammatory response, acute lung injury, and death.  Research on COVID-19 revealed that SARS CoV-2 does not only affect the respiratory tract but can also lead to endothelial inflammation, cardiomyopathy, multi-organ dysfunction, neurological syndromes, and hypercoagulability. Progression of COVID-19 is rare in pregnant and postpartum women treated in the ICU. Preterm birth rate is high and COVID-19 requiring respiratory support increases the risk of poor maternal and neonatal outcome. 
  • 805
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Role of Blockchain Technology in COVID-19 Crisis
To obtain adequate performance in resolving issues that are associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, blockchain can be combined with other available technologies to establish a robust healthcare architecture.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Global COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance
COVID-19 vaccines have met varying levels of acceptance and hesitancy in different parts of the world, which has implications for eliminating the COVID-19 pandemic. 
  • 943
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Social Isolation and Loneliness during the COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a predominantly global quarantine response that has been associated with social isolation, loneliness, and anxiety. Notwithstanding the efficacy of quarantine as a tool to limit the spread of disease, it also creates social isolation. Social isolation is an objective state in which an individual is alone, and is a sufficient, but not necessary, condition to produce the subjective feeling of loneliness. More specifically, some individuals may be socially isolated but experience this as a natural and healthy state in normal conditions; however, the prolongation of social isolation, particularly in unnatural conditions (e.g., in response to a global pandemic) can become a hazardous state to individual health. Loneliness is a similar yet distinct case: it is a subjective state in which a person feels that their social connections are inadequate (even though they may have a substantial social network). Both of these concepts relate to social connections and the maintenance of a healthy support network. The health implications of social isolation and loneliness during quarantine have a heterogenous and comorbid nature and, as a result, form a link to anxiety.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jan 2022
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