Summary

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, and the disease now affects nearly every country and region. Caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 continues nearly 18 months later to present significant challenges to health systems and public health in both hemispheres, as well as the economies of every country. The morbidity and mortality of the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been significant, and various waves of disease outbreaks initially overwhelmed many hospitals and clinics and continue to do so in many countries. This influences everyone, and public health countermeasures have been dramatic in terms of their impact on employment, social systems, and mental health. This entry collection aims to gather diverse fields about COVID-19, including in epidemiology, public health, medicine, genetics, systems biology, informatics, data science, engineering, sociology, anthropology, nursing, environmental studies, statistics, and psychology.

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Entries
Topic Review
Health, Economic and Social Challenges in COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19-pandemic-related health, economic and social crises are leading to huge challenges for all spheres of human life across the globe. Various challenges highlighted by this pandemic include, but are not limited to, the need for global health cooperation and security, better crisis management, coordinated funding in public health emergencies, and access to measures related to prevention, treatment, and control. 
  • 832
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Subacute Thyroiditis and the COVID-19
Subacute thyroiditis (SAT), also known as De Quervain or granulomatous thyroiditis, is caused by a viral infection, especially (but not exclusively) of the upper respiratory tract or by post-viral inflammation. Since 2020, the entity has been listed in association with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, and since 2021 it has been related to the vaccine against the virus.
  • 551
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Viral Transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2
The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to a global health calamity unprecedented in the modern world. The disease spread worldwide, and to date, there have been over 230 million confirmed cases of COVID-19, including approximately 4.7 million deaths. Mutant variants of the virus have raised concerns about additional pandemic waves and threaten to reverse our progress thus far to limit the spread of the virus. 
  • 483
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Current data suggest that patients with cardiovascular diseases experience more serious complications with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) than those without CVD. In addition, severe COVID-19 appears to cause acute cardiac injury, as well as long-term adverse remodeling of heart tissue. Cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts may play a pivotal role in both contributing to the deleterious effects of COVID-19-induced cardiac injury, as well as the healing process after cardiac injury. 
  • 371
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Learning and Education
Sustainable learning and education (SLE) is a relatively new ideology based on sustainability principles and developed in response to the United Nations’ recently proclaimed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Recently, the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has affected educational systems globally, leading them to embrace more innovative technological methods to meet academic demands while maintaining SLE principles. Mobile learning apps (MLA) refers to using the unique capabilities of mobile apps to engage and collaborate towards establishing robust online learning.
  • 764
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Long COVID-19 in Children
Long Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) refers to the persistence of symptoms related to the infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This condition is described as persistent and can manifest in various combinations of signs and symptoms, such as fatigue, headache, dyspnea, depression, cognitive impairment, and altered perception of smells and tastes. Long COVID-19 may be due to long-term damage to different organs—such as lung, brain, kidney, and heart—caused by persisting viral-induced inflammation, immune dysregulation, autoimmunity, diffuse endothelial damage, and micro thrombosis.
  • 364
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Requirements and Types of Face Masks
There are different types of face masks (e.g., 3-ply surgical masks, a wide range of fabric masks, single-use face masks, and face shields) and respirators available commercially to protect individuals from getting and/or spreading COVID-19. Face masks are designed to protect primarily from respiratory droplets and particles to some extent. In contrast, the respirators are designed with extended protection against respiratory droplets, particles, and the virus that cause COVID-19. Both face masks and respirators have certain requirements to ensure performance and efficacy at a reliable and consistent level. Mask standards, ratings. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), ASTM International, and International Organization for Standardization (formerly known as International Association for Testing Materials) are engaged in creating an open and transparent consensus standards development process for addressing the standards gap identified during the wake of COVID-19 pandemic. The development of standards aimed to define performance requirements for source control, the protective efficacy of face mask or barrier face coverings, and standardized products to inform user selection decisions. The primary purpose of these specifications is to enable source control to protect the mass public with performance requirements such as protection capability, comfort, reusability, and so on. There are a few basic requirements of face masks to be used effectively, including an excellent fit over the nose and mouth of the user to prevent leaking (use of fitter, base, or nose wire) and the use of multi-layer non-woven but breathable fabrics for preventing bright light.
  • 897
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Social Media Addiction during COVID-19
In the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, national lockdowns and stay-at-home orders were implemented by many countries to curb the rate of infection. An extended stay-at-home period can frustrate people’s need for relatedness, with many turning to social media to interact with others in the outside world. However, social media use may be maladaptive due to its associations with social media addiction and psychosocial problems.
  • 798
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) is a serious multifactorial autoinflammatory disease with a significant mortality rate due to macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Recent research has deepened the knowledge about the pathophysiological mechanisms of sJIA-MAS, facilitating new targeted treatments, and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), which significantly changed the course of the disease and prognosis. From the data analyzed so far, there have been no exacerbations of both COVID-19 and sJIA under bDMARDs treatment, but multicenter international studies are still needed to highlight all risk factors for a possible severe course of COVID-19 among sJIA patients. Children with sJIA and COVID-19 should be monitored to identify eventual long-run exacerbations after infection.
  • 508
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
A healthy socioemotional foundation in education
In the early school years, the emphasis is more and more on cognitive output factors. Non-cognitive development is receiving less attention than before, though such factors are important determinants of academic success. This study focuses on socioemotional characteristics, more specifically, on attitudes, behavior, and relationships of 6500 grade 2 pupils who participated in the representative Dutch large-scale cohort study COOL5-18. The results showed that the teachers rated their pupil’s work attitude as lower than their behavior and popularity. They were more positive regarding their relationship with the pupils. More important was that there were differences according to the pupils’ social and ethnic/immigrant backgrounds: ethnic minority/immigrant pupils scored less positive on all non-cognitive characteristics than native Dutch pupils, and the higher the parental educational level, the more favorable their children performed on the non-cognitive characteristics. These findings are discussed and possible solutions are presented.
  • 656
  • 20 Apr 2022
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