Summary

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, and the disease now affects nearly every country and region. Caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 continues nearly 18 months later to present significant challenges to health systems and public health in both hemispheres, as well as the economies of every country. The morbidity and mortality of the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been significant, and various waves of disease outbreaks initially overwhelmed many hospitals and clinics and continue to do so in many countries. This influences everyone, and public health countermeasures have been dramatic in terms of their impact on employment, social systems, and mental health. This entry collection aims to gather diverse fields about COVID-19, including in epidemiology, public health, medicine, genetics, systems biology, informatics, data science, engineering, sociology, anthropology, nursing, environmental studies, statistics, and psychology.

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Entries
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk Factors on the Course of COVID-19
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is spreading around the world and becoming a major public health crisis. All coronaviruses are known to affect the cardiovascular system. There is a strong correlation between cardiovascular risk factors and severe clinical complications, including death in COVID-19 patients. All the above-mentioned risk factors are widespread and constitute a significant worldwide health problem. Some of them are modifiable and the awareness of their connection with the COVID-19 progress may have a crucial impact on the current and possible upcoming infection.
  • 995
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mucormycosis and COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis
Mucormycosis, previously known as zygomycosis, is a rare opportunistic, invasive, and deadly fungal infection that has increased in incidence in the last few years, as a secondary infection in patients with debilitating diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, and organ transplantation, and during natural disasters, such as tsunamis and earthquakes.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Labour Force Gender Disparities
Historically, the participation of women in the labour force has been lower than that of men. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has widened this labour force participation gap.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Neuropsychological Outcomes Associated with COVID-19
Survivors of COVID-19 often report subjective, cognitive complaints following infection, grossly characterized by cognitive inefficiency or “brain fog”. The nature of their objective, neuropsychological presentations are only beginning to be characterized. Risk factors predictive of neuropsychological outcomes post-infection remain under study. The contagiousness and quick rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, as well as the significant impact of COVID-19 disease on public health, make the study of COVID-19 on neuropsychological functioning particularly important. 
  • 861
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Global Wine Tourism during COVID-19
To compensate for loss of business during the COVID-19 crisis, wineries in the tourism industry had to apply new strategies. The year 2020 will be remembered as a year of disruption, when the outbreak and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19), along with the global efforts to contain it, caused ruptures—politically, economically, socially, and technologically. The lucrative tourism sector was severely affected as travel restrictions and lockdowns were enforced around the world, reducing it in terms of visitor numbers to 1990 levels. Wine tourism is an important component of national tourism for many wine-producing countries, comprising leisure, culinary, experiential, historical, and cultural visits, which were heavily impacted by this disruption. From the perspective of winery owners, visitors to their cellar door and tasting facilities have become an increasingly important revenue stream. Therefore, the suffering endured was acute, as wineries engaged in wine tourism had to quickly adapt their business model and strategies to fit the rapidly changing trading environment in order to stay viable. Many were forced to rethink their marketing approach, reimagining their tourism offerings. Some owners, however, saw the disruption as an opportunity to reset the tourism industry, to implement a more innovative and sustainable foundation. For this reason, it is of great importance to investigate the reaction of winery operators on the market changes.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Academic Teachers about Their Productivity
The situation of the COVID-19 epidemic in the world, as well as in Poland, forced changes in the functioning of many professions, including academic teachers. Taking classes online has forced many of them to acquire new digital competencies. Competence of this type implies a construct related to the cognitive sphere that allows the use of the various tools of telecommunications technology to handle information that can be obtained from training in the use of electronic devices and the software used. For this reason, it can be said that a kind of experiment was undertaken. Currently, they were assigned to a specific social group, e.g., IT specialists, but along with their functioning in the information society, they have become one of the elements of social life.
  • 1.7K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Crisis and Hiking Intention
People’s lives have drastically changed since the outbreak of COVID-19. One concern during the pandemic has been the level of inactivity among people. Compared to various generations (e.g., baby boomers, generation alpha), Generation Z (Gen Z) traditionally spends much less time in outdoor spaces. Due to the pandemic, their inactiveness is assumed to be even more severe. Hiking, an outdoor activity, has become a possible remedy for young people to exercise in a safer sport environment compared to traditional facility-based activities. Although various studies have supported the link between motivations and hiking intention, the relationship may be altered based on psychological influences unique to the pandemic situations—perceived risk and coping appraisals. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Long COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has quickly become a global pandemic. Reports from different parts of the world indicate that a significant proportion of people who have recovered from COVID-19 are suffering from various health problems collectively referred to as “long COVID-19”. Common symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, cough, joint pain, chest pain, muscle aches, headaches, and so on. Vitamin D is an immunomodulatory hormone with proven efficacy against various upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D can inhibit hyperinflammatory reactions and accelerate the healing process in the affected areas, especially in lung tissue. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with the severity and mortality of COVID-19 cases, with a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D found in patients with COVID-19 and acute respiratory failure. However, no evidence has been found to support a role of vitamin D supplementation in reducing symptoms of long-COVID-19. On the other hand, having a higher vitamin D level before SARS-CoV-2 infection or raising it rapidly at the first symptoms of infection can significantly reduce the risk and severity of COVID-19.
  • 3.3K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Pandemic for People with Pre-Existing Psychiatric Disorders
It seems that the impact of the first stage of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychiatric disorders was two-fold: (1) an overall effect, in which people suffering from psychiatric disorders in general experienced more psychological distress and anxiety when compared to people who had no psychiatric diagnosis, and (2) a condition-specific effect, namely in people suffering from eating disorders and obsessive compulsive disorders. Moreover, the current work highlights that there were also some external factors that were related to worsening symptoms. For instance, unemployment or experiencing work and financial difficulties can be a trigger for greater distress during the pandemic for people with mood disorders, and being alone and in social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic may actually increase substance use and relapse rates. Further studies are needed to prospectively investigate the long-term effects of the current COVID-19 pandemic on people with (pre)-existing psychiatric conditions and on the onset or deterioration of psychiatric-related symptoms in a larger number of participants, as well as exploring the long-term effects of the current pandemic on mental health. 
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Consequences of COVID-19 on Health, Economy, and Tourism
This is an explanation of COVID-19 impacts on the aspects of health, economy, and tourism, focusing on Asia. The consequences and the main concerned direct and indirect stakeholders has been presented. In addition, the connection between the three aspects based on the impact of COVID-19, which still continues to intensify, and strategies to prepare for the future pandemic situations are also described.
  • 887
  • 29 Apr 2022
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