Summary

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, and the disease now affects nearly every country and region. Caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 continues nearly 18 months later to present significant challenges to health systems and public health in both hemispheres, as well as the economies of every country. The morbidity and mortality of the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been significant, and various waves of disease outbreaks initially overwhelmed many hospitals and clinics and continue to do so in many countries. This influences everyone, and public health countermeasures have been dramatic in terms of their impact on employment, social systems, and mental health. This entry collection aims to gather diverse fields about COVID-19, including in epidemiology, public health, medicine, genetics, systems biology, informatics, data science, engineering, sociology, anthropology, nursing, environmental studies, statistics, and psychology.

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Entries
Topic Review
The Impact of Coinfection on the COVID-19 Infection
Patients with viral illness are at higher risk of secondary infections—whether bacterial, viral, or parasitic—that usually lead to a worse prognosis. In the setting of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may be preceded by a prior microbial infection or has a concurrent or superinfection. Previous reports documented a significantly higher risk of microbial coinfection in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients. Initial results from the United States (U.S.) and Europe found a significantly higher risk of mortality and severe illness among hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 and bacterial coinfection. However, later studies found contradictory results concerning the impact of coinfection on the outcomes of COVID-19. 
  • 968
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Smart Mobile Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Universities throughout the world are attempting to develop electronic learning (e-learning) and mobile learning (M-learning) systems in order to merge these educational systems with the traditional ones currently used. E-learning and M-learning systems have become critical in order to accomplish learning objectives in a successful way during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is critical for universities to take full advantage of e-learning in order to remain competitive in the globalised 21st century. The recent revolution in information and communication technology (ICT) has resulted in a move away from face-to-face learning, toward e-learning. During the COVID-19 pandemic, this technology has helped universities on a global scale to ensure the continuity of learning processes. It has also altered how students communicate and interact with instructors. This technological advancement has transformed the learning process through the use of e-learning systems and M-learning applications to achieve sustainable education.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
HBV Reactivation in Hemato-Oncologic Patients with COVID-19
Onco-hematologic patients are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and, once infected, frequently develop COVID-19 due to the immunosuppression caused by tumor growth, chemotherapy and immunosuppressive therapy. In addition, COVID-19 has also been recognized as a further cause of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation, since its treatment includes the administration of corticosteroids and some immunosuppressive drugs.
  • 937
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Overview of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis
Immune-compromised diseases lead to a majority of opportunistic conditions such as oral fungal infections, also known as oral mycosis. Often, the impairment of host resistance leads to the initiation of pathogenic conditions in the oral cavity, and progression through local colonization. The use of immunosuppressive drugs and immunodeficiency upon viral infection, especially in COVID-19 patients, has led to a significant increase in the frequency of oral mycosis globally. 
  • 885
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Management of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis
The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which comes with several comorbidities, was declared a pandemic in early 2020 by World Health Organization (WHO). Glucocorticoids that are used in severe cases of COVID-19 as therapeutic measures may lead to opportunistic fungal infections in such patients. Mucormycosis is one of these infections and mostly occurs in immune-compromised patients such as those who undergo transplant surgeries. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticles for Coronavirus Control
Some countries have been able to overcome this global challenge by relying on vaccines against the virus, and vaccination has begun in many countries. Many of the proposed vaccines have nanoparticles as carriers, and there are different nano-based diagnostic approaches for rapid detection of the virus.
  • 810
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Impact of COVID-19 on Kidney of Diabetic Patients
Given the current state of COVID-19, it is crucial to reveal its evolving relationship with and effect on different body organ systems and their diseases. The severity and outcome of COVID-19 have a very complex relationship, especially to the vital organs including the kidney, either in their state of health or disease. Additionally, it is well known that diabetes affects the kidney, leading to diabetic nephropathy. The kidney is also affected by different pathological and immunopathological reactions with COVID-19 infection, leading to acute kidney injury.
  • 936
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Ukrainian Migrants in Poland during COVID-19 Pandemic
Economic and political crises have significant impacts on the situation of foreigners in their host country. Some of these impacts of such crises can be predicted, while others appear unexpectedly. Particularly challenging are those characterised by extreme unusualness and the absence of warning signs that suggest the possibility of their occurrence. The pandemic as an emergency situation entailing restrictions on mobility between countries did not significantly affect the migration decisions of Ukrainians. Disregarding the difficult epidemiological situation, they continued to make decisions on immigration to Poland, guided by individual profit and loss calculations. Others remained in Poland to wait out the crisis. The pandemic has exposed the dependence of the Polish economy on migrant labour and has also shown the deficiencies in migration policy.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Human Coronavirus
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large group of viruses common among many animals, including humans. They can cause respiratory illnesses in humans and gastrointestinal illnesses in animals. Under the electron microscope, virions of CoVs have large peplomers that make it look like a crown, hence the name corona, meaning “crown” or “halo. The emerging coronavirus disease (COVID-19) swept across the world, affecting more than 200 countries and territories.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
New-Onset Acute Kidney Disease Post COVID-19 Vaccination
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused an exceptional setback to the global economy and health. Vaccination is one of the most effective interventions to markedly decrease severe illness and death from COVID-19. Acute kidney disease (AKD) is defined as a condition of acute or subacute damage and/or loss of renal function between 7 and 90 days after exposure to an AKI initiating event
  • 1.3K
  • 23 May 2022
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