Summary

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, and the disease now affects nearly every country and region. Caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 continues nearly 18 months later to present significant challenges to health systems and public health in both hemispheres, as well as the economies of every country. The morbidity and mortality of the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been significant, and various waves of disease outbreaks initially overwhelmed many hospitals and clinics and continue to do so in many countries. This influences everyone, and public health countermeasures have been dramatic in terms of their impact on employment, social systems, and mental health. This entry collection aims to gather diverse fields about COVID-19, including in epidemiology, public health, medicine, genetics, systems biology, informatics, data science, engineering, sociology, anthropology, nursing, environmental studies, statistics, and psychology.

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Entries
Topic Review
Effects of COVID-19 on Leisure among Youth
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly transformed the lives of millions, including young people, who are in a vital stage during which leisure has had a preponderant role in their lifestyles, characterized by the search for experiences outside the family environment and forms of leisure dependent on friendships as a source for well-being (physical, cognitive, social, and emotional). 
  • 429
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Strategies of Immune Evasion by SARS-CoV-2
There are at least seven reported strategies, which are utilized by SARS-CoV-2 for immune evasion: 1. Spike camouflage employs glycan molecules (epitope masking). 2. Differential impairment of MHC-I-mediated antigen presentation by SARS-CoV-2 variants. 3. SARS-CoV-2-driven inhibition of the interferon synthesis. 4. SARS-CoV-2 induces incomplete mitophagy to avoid apoptosis of some infected cells and to increase virus replication. 5. Cell–cell infection and immune evasion through cytoplasmic nanotubes. 6. Cell–cell infection and lymphocyte cell death through syncytia formation. 7. Immune evasion through exosome release.
  • 374
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Leadership Practices and Competencies of SMEs
Sustainability leadership has gained much popularity as an emergent multidisciplinary area in the recent literature. Worldwide scholars call for more sustainability studies as an important leadership agenda . Modern leaders need to strategically lead their businesses beyond profit-maximization or economic performance and maneuver their vision and strategy toward environmental protection and social responsibility. The literature urges future leaders and managers to purposefully develop value-oriented sustainable leadership and sustainability competencies in their business practices as well as to balance the economic performance and socio-environmental responsibility to thrive for long-term success. The latest empirical research also indicates that sustainability leadership is a key determinant of long-term success and sustainability performance outcomes. The topic strategically becomes critical to achieve corporate resilience, longevity and sustainable futures.
  • 2.1K
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Structure, Sequence and Immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2
Since November 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has been a matter of global concern due to its rapid spread, the millions of deaths it caused, and repeated waves of infections. One after another, many variants of this novel virus have come into existence due to its constant mutability, specifically in the spike glycoprotein region. The tally for variants of concern (VOCs), which already include Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1) and Delta (B.1.617.2), has increased to five with the latest appearance of Omicron (B.1.1.529).
  • 583
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Insights into the Pharmacological Effects of Flavonoids
Flavonoids are widely occurring secondary metabolites of plants. Currently, there is a trend of article numbers increasing, which focuses on the computer modeling of flavonoid interactions with biological targets. Such studies help to accumulatethe data on lead compounds that can find medicinal implementation, including COVID-19. Flavanonol taxifolin demonstrated wound-healing activity. Luteolin, apigenin, and wogonin, which can be classified as flavones, show induced neutrophil apoptosis and have potential as neutrophil apoptosis-inducing anti-inflammatory, proresolution agents.
  • 605
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Post-COVID Syndrome and Long-Term Consequences
Post-COVID syndrome or long COVID is defined as the persistence of symptoms after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, the pathogen responsible for coronavirus disease. The content herein presented reviews the reported long-term consequences and aftereffects of COVID-19 infection and the potential strategies to adopt for their management. Recent studies have shown that severe forms of COVID-19 can progress into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a predisposing factor of pulmonary fibrosis that can irreversibly compromise respiratory function. Considering that the most serious complications are observed in the airways, the inhalation delivery of drugs directly to the lungs should be preferred, since it allows to lower the dose and systemic side effects. Although further studies are needed to optimize these techniques, recent studies have also shown the importance of in vitro models to recreate the SARS-CoV-2 infection and study its sequelae. The information reported suggests the necessity to develop new inhalation therapies in order to improve the quality of life of patients who suffer from this condition.
  • 788
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Online Payment System Adoption Factors during COVID-19
Turkey’s e-commerce market is rapidly expanding, and the country is ranked first in the world in monthly mobile purchases. The factors that influence the adoption of online payments systems among the customers of a Turkish bank during the COVID-19 pandemic was determined. The research model extends the technology acceptance model (TAM) by further examining the impact of 11 factors on attitude, behavioral intention and actual usage. The results suggest a strong influence of these factors on attitude and behavioral intention. Relative advantage, perceived trust, perceived usefulness, personal innovativeness, perceived integrity, perceived ease of use, health and epidemic effects, income, private sector employment and self-employment all have a positive effect on actual online payment system usage. However, perceived risk and age have a negative impact on the actual online payment system usage.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Spread of Viruses on Universities Campuses
Outdoor open spaces are important for sustainable universities because they accommodate outdoor activities and enhance the campus’s livability and vitality. The character of the outdoor space determines the quality of the campus.
  • 487
  • 07 Jun 2022
Topic Review
New Therapeutical Approaches for COVID-19
The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) stimulated an unprecedented international collaborative effort for rapid diagnosis, epidemiologic surveillance, clinical management, prevention, and treatment. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, treatment of the SARS-CoV-2 infection was a real challenge. An overview of the viral structure and life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 is given and future therapeutical options are discussed.
  • 506
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Newly Emerged Antiviral Strategies for SARS-CoV-2
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become the most severe health crisis, causing extraordinary economic disruption worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA-enveloped virus. The process of viral replication and particle packaging is finished in host cells. Viral proteins, including both structural and nonstructural proteins, play important roles in the viral life cycle, which also provides the targets of treatment. Therefore, a better understanding of the structural function of virus proteins is crucial to speed up the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies. The structure-function correlation of viral proteins provides a fundamental rationale for vaccine development and targeted therapy. 
  • 530
  • 02 Jun 2022
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