Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Watson (Computer)
Watson is a question-answering computer system capable of answering questions posed in natural language, developed in IBM's DeepQA project by a research team led by principal investigator David Ferrucci. Watson was named after IBM's founder and first CEO, industrialist Thomas J. Watson. The computer system was initially developed to answer questions on the quiz show Jeopardy! and, in 2011, the Watson computer system competed on Jeopardy! against champions Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings, winning the first place prize of $1 million. In February 2013, IBM announced that Watson software system's first commercial application would be for utilization management decisions in lung cancer treatment at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, in conjunction with WellPoint (now Anthem). In 2013, Manoj Saxena, IBM Watson's business chief said that 90% of nurses in the field who use Watson now follow its guidance.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Waterway Cargo Transportation
Water transportation is an important part of comprehensive transportation and plays a critical role in a country’s economic development. The world’s cargo transportation is dominated by waterway transportation, and maritime transportation Systems (MTS) are the main part of the waterway transportation system. The flow of goods plays a key role in the economic development of the ports along the route. The sustainable development of maritime transportation, the maritime transportation economy and the environment have great practical significance.
  • 2.1K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Watersheds
A watershed is defined by natural topographic boundaries as an ecosystem of integrated terrestrial and aquatic systems, rather than the political boundaries, in which all of the incoming precipitation and snowmelt are collected into the stream reaches while a river basin is an area of land drained by a river, its tributaries and watersheds.
  • 709
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Watershed Processes and Streamflow Prediction
Accurate streamflow prediction (SFP) is crucial for water resource management, flood and drought forecasting, and reservoir operations. However, complex interactions between surface and subsurface processes in watersheds make predicting extreme events challenging. This work highlights the importance of incorporating physical understanding and process knowledge into data-driven SFP models for reliable and robust predictions, especially during extreme events.
  • 388
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Watershed Eco-Compensation Mechanism in China
The watershed’s ecological environment and water resources contribute significantly to agricultural production and the people’s well-being. However, excessive exploitation and utilization of watersheds harm the watershed ecosystem environment. The reduction in biodiversity, water quality degradation, and decline in ecosystem stability have become severe. Watershed eco-compensation (WEC) is considered a significant environmental policy instrument for watershed ecological protection and management.
  • 564
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Watermarking Solution for Medical Imaging Security
Securing medical imaging poses a significant challenge in preserving the confidentiality of healthcare data. Numerous research efforts have focused on fortifying these images, with encryption emerging as a primary solution for maintaining data integrity without compromising confidentiality. However, applying conventional encryption techniques directly to e-health data encounters hurdles, including limitations in data size, redundancy, and capacity, particularly in open-channel patient data transmissions. As a result, the unique characteristics of images, marked by their risk of data loss and the need for confidentiality, make preserving the privacy of data contents a complex task. This underscores the pressing need for innovative approaches to ensure the security and confidentiality of sensitive healthcare information within medical images.
  • 171
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Waterlogging Impacts on Crop Growth
Waterlogging has the greatest impact on photosynthesis, followed by phenology and leaf expansion, suggesting a need for improved equations linking waterlogging to carbon assimilation. In agricultural fields, soil waterlogging can occur for many reasons. These may include excessive rainfall or irrigation, poor soil drainage, rising or perched water tables, as well as lateral surface or subsurface flows. This may lead to reduced oxygen within soil pores, causing reduced growth and, sometimes, crop death. 
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Waterlogged Archaeological Wood
Due to long-term burial in the ground or water, the plant cell walls of some wooden cultural relics were degraded by microorganisms, the structure of cell wall was loose and filled with water. The moisture content of these wooden cultural relics is much higher than that of normal wood.
  • 687
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Water, Land as Shared Resources
Although agriculture and aquaculture depend on access to increasingly scarce, shared water resources to produce food for human consumption, they are most often considered in isolation. We argue that they should be treated as integrated components of a single complex system that is prone to direct or indirect tradeoffs that should be avoided while also being amenable to synergies that should be sought. Direct tradeoffs such as competition for space or the pollution of shared water resources usually occur when the footprints of agriculture and aquaculture overlap or when the two practices coexist in close proximity to one another. Interactions can be modulated by factors such as hydropower infrastructure and short-term economic incentives, both of which are known to disrupt the balance between aquaculture and agriculture. Indirect tradeoffs, on the other hand, play out across distances, i.e., when agricultural food sources are diverted to feed animals in aquaculture. Synergies are associated with the culture of aquatic organisms in rice paddies and irrigation waters, seasonal rotations of crop cultivation with aquaculture, and various forms of integrated agriculture–aquaculture (IAA), including jitang, a highly developed variant of pond-dike IAA. Policy decisions, socioeconomic considerations, and technology warrant increased scrutiny as determinants of tradeoffs and synergies. Priority issues for the future include guiding the expansion of aquaculture from its traditional base in Asia, taking advantage of the heterogeneity that exists within both agricultural and aquaculture systems, the development of additional metrics of tradeoffs and synergies, and adapting to the effects of climate change.
  • 881
  • 20 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Water–Energy–Food Nexus Research in Africa
The nexus of water, energy and food (hereafter WEF nexus) is undoubtedly complex, yet critical, for it mediates numerous issues that humankind faces today. These three resource systems are intimately interlinked and essential to the livelihoods of mankind, whereby actions in one sector are likely to have reciprocal impacts on other sectors, resulting in conflicts or competition.
  • 602
  • 12 Apr 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 5494
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback