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Topic Review
40M Turán
The Turán was a Hungarian medium tank of World War II. It was inspired and used the technology-based solutions found on the design of the Czechoslovak Škoda T-21 medium tank prototype, it was produced in two main variants: the 40M Turán (or Turán I) with a 40 mm gun and the 41M Turán (or Turán II) with a 75 mm gun. A total of 424 were made. A prototype variant, the 43M Turán (or Turán III) was also turned out but did not go into production. Prototypes were manufactured, but work on the project stopped in 1944 when the mass-producing terminated in the country.
  • 669
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
46,XX Testicular Disorder
46,XX testicular disorder of sex development is a condition in which individuals with two X chromosomes in each cell, the pattern normally found in females, have a male appearance. People with this disorder have male external genitalia. They generally have small testes and may also have abnormalities such as undescended testes (cryptorchidism) or the urethra opening on the underside of the penis (hypospadias). A small number of affected people have external genitalia that do not look clearly male or clearly female (ambiguous genitalia). Affected children are typically raised as males and have a male gender identity.
  • 764
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
47,XYY Syndrome
47,XYY syndrome is characterized by an extra copy of the Y chromosome in each of a male's cells. Although many males with this condition are taller than average, the chromosomal change sometimes causes no unusual physical features. Most males with 47,XYY syndrome have normal production of the male sex hormone testosterone and normal sexual development, and they are usually able to father children.  
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
48,XXXY Syndrome
48,XXXY syndrome is a chromosomal condition in boys and men that causes intellectual disability, developmental delays, physical differences, and an inability to father biological children (infertility). Its signs and symptoms vary among affected individuals.
  • 4.7K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
48,XXYY Syndrome
48,XXYY syndrome is a chromosomal condition that causes infertility, developmental and behavioral disorders, and other health problems in males.
  • 4.6K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
49,XXXXY Syndrome
49,XXXXY syndrome is a chromosomal condition in boys and men that causes intellectual disability, developmental delays, physical differences, and an inability to father biological children (infertility). Its signs and symptoms vary among affected individuals.
  • 3.5K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
4D Printable Smart Hydrogels for Drug Delivery
Hydrogels are three-dimensional crosslinked polymer network structures that can absorb and hold a large quantity of water while retaining a distinct shape. Among modern drug formulations, stimuli-responsive hydrogels, also known as "smart hydrogels," has attracted enormous attention. The fundamental characteristic of these systems is the capacity to change their mechanical properties, swelling capacity, hydrophilicity, permeability of bioactive molecules, etc., in response to a wide range of stimuli, including temperature, pH, light irradiation, magnetic field, biological factors, etc. On the other hand, the expeditious development of 3D printing technologies has revolutionized the fabrication of hydrogel systems for biomedical applications. By combining these two aspects, 4D printing (i.e., 3D printing of smart hydrogels) has emerged as a new promising platform for the development of novel drug delivery systems, which release active ingredients in response to internal or external stimuli.
  • 887
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
4D Printing
4D printing is the fabrication process of 3D objects that can change their shape over time or in response to an environmental stimulus. This process demonstrates a radical shift in additive manufacturing.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
4D Printing Technologies
3D printing has played a crucial role in the last decades as an innovative technology for tissue and organ fabrication, patient-specific orthoses, drug delivery, and surgical planning. However, biomedical materials used for 3D printing are usually static and unable to dynamically respond or transform within the internal environment of the body. These materials are fabricated ex situ, which involves first printing on a planar substrate and then deploying it to the target surface, thus resulting in a possible mismatch between the printed part and the target surfaces. The emergence of 4D printing addresses some of these drawbacks, opening an attractive path for the biomedical sector. By preprogramming smart materials, 4D printing is able to manufacture structures that dynamically respond to external stimuli. Despite these potentials, 4D printed dynamic materials are still in their infancy of development. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) could push these technologies forward enlarging their applicability, boosting the design space of smart materials by selecting promising ones with desired architectures, properties, and functions, reducing the time to manufacturing, and allowing the in situ printing directly on target surfaces achieving high-fidelity of human body micro-structures. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
4D Printing Technology
4D printing (4DP) is an evolution of 3DP where additive manufacturing printing techniques are employed. In other words, adapting 3DP processes for 4DP of shape memory polymers (SMPs) or smart materials requires minor adjustments. In order to produce the desired shape-changing materials as per estimation or for optimal application, an air circulation system may be incorporated into 3DP’s traditional fused deposition method (FDM) technology. This would cool the SMP below its Tg and, after these small alterations, previous 3DP methods such as stereolithography apparatus (SLA), digital laser writing and inkjet printing can also be employed.
  • 465
  • 05 Jan 2023
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