Encyclopedia
1000/1000
Hot
Most Recent
Submitted Successfully!
+1 point
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Check Note
2000/2000
48,XXYY syndrome is a chromosomal condition that causes infertility, developmental and behavioral disorders, and other health problems in males.
genetic conditions
Information
Subjects:
Genetics & Heredity
Contributor
MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register
:
View Times:
3543
Entry Collection:
MedlinePlus
Update Date:
23 Dec 2020
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
48,XXYY disrupts male sexual development. Adolescent and adult males with this condition typically have small testes that do not produce enough testosterone, which is the hormone that directs male sexual development. A shortage of testosterone during puberty can lead to reduced facial and body hair, poor muscle development, low energy levels, and an increased risk for breast enlargement (gynecomastia). Because their testes do not function normally, males with 48, XXYY syndrome have an inability to father children (infertility).
48,XXYY syndrome can affect other parts of the body as well. Males with 48,XXYY syndrome are often taller than other males their age with an average adult height of 6 feet 4 inches (193 cm). They tend to develop a tremor that typically starts in adolescence and increases with age. Dental problems are frequently seen with this condition; they include delayed appearance of the primary (baby) or secondary (adult) teeth, thin tooth enamel, crowded and/or misaligned teeth, and multiple cavities. As affected males get older, they may develop a narrowing of the blood vessels in the legs, called peripheral vascular disease. Peripheral vascular disease can cause skin ulcers to form. Affected males are also at risk for developing a type of clot called a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) that occurs in the deep veins of the legs. Additionally, males with 48,XXYY syndrome may have flat feet (pes planus), elbow abnormalities, abnormal fusion of certain bones in the forearm (radioulnar synostosis), allergies, asthma, type 2 diabetes, seizures, and congenital heart defects.
Most males with 48,XXYY syndrome have an IQ that ranges from 70-80 with some degree of difficulty with speech and language development. Learning disabilities, especially those that are language-based, are very common in males with this disorder. Affected males seem to perform better at tasks focused on math, visual-spatial skills such as puzzles, and memorization of locations or directions. Some boys with 48,XXYY syndrome have delayed development of motor skills such as sitting, standing, and walking that can lead to poor coordination. Affected males have higher than average rates of behavioral disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); mood disorders, including anxiety and bipolar disorder; and autism spectrum disorder, which affects communication and social interaction.
2. Frequency
48,XXYY syndrome is estimated to affect 1 in 18,000 to 40,000 males.
3. Causes
48,XXYY syndrome is a condition related to the X and Y chromosomes (the sex chromosomes). People normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell. Two of the 46 chromosomes, known as X and Y, are called sex chromosomes because they help determine whether a person will develop male or female sex characteristics. Females typically have two X chromosomes (46,XX), and males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome (46,XY). 48,XXYY syndrome results from the presence of an extra copy of both sex chromosomes in each of a male's cells (48,XXYY). Extra copies of genes on the X chromosome interfere with male sexual development, preventing the testes from functioning normally and reducing the levels of testosterone. Many genes are found only on the X or Y chromosome, but genes in areas known as the pseudoautosomal regions are present on both sex chromosomes. Extra copies of genes from the pseudoautosomal regions of the extra X and Y chromosome contribute to the signs and symptoms of 48,XXYY syndrome; however, the specific genes have not been identified.
4. Inheritance
This condition is not inherited; it usually occurs as a random event during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm). An error in cell division called nondisjunction results in a reproductive cell with an abnormal number of chromosomes. In 48,XXYY syndrome, the extra sex chromosomes almost always come from a sperm cell. Nondisjunction may cause a sperm cell to gain two extra sex chromosomes, resulting in a sperm cell with three sex chromosomes (one X and two Y chromosomes). If that sperm cell fertilizes a normal egg cell with one X chromosome, the resulting child will have two X chromosomes and two Y chromosomes in each of the body's cells.
In a small percentage of cases, 48,XXYY syndrome results from nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes in a 46,XY embryo very soon after fertilization has occurred. This means that a normal sperm cell with one Y chromosome fertilized a normal egg cell with one X chromosome, but right after fertilization nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes caused the embryo to gain two extra sex chromosomes, resulting in a 48,XXYY embryo.
5. Other Names for This Condition
-
XXYY syndrome
References
- Tartaglia N, Ayari N, Howell S, D'Epagnier C, Zeitler P. 48,XXYY, 48,XXXY and 49,XXXXY syndromes: not just variants of Klinefelter syndrome. Acta Paediatr.2011 Jun;100(6):851-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02235.x.Review.
- Tartaglia N, Borodyanskaya M, Hall DA. Tremor in 48,XXYY syndrome. Mov Disord.2009 Oct 15;24(13):2001-7. doi: 10.1002/mds.22700. Erratum in: Mov Disord. 2010Aug 15;25(11):1764. Borodyanskya, Mariya [corrected to Borodyanskaya, Mariya].
- Tartaglia N, Davis S, Hench A, Nimishakavi S, Beauregard R, Reynolds A, FentonL, Albrecht L, Ross J, Visootsak J, Hansen R, Hagerman R. A new look at XXYYsyndrome: medical and psychological features. Am J Med Genet A. 2008 Jun15;146A(12):1509-22. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32366.
- Visootsak J, Graham JM Jr. Klinefelter syndrome and other sex chromosomalaneuploidies. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Oct 24;1:42. Review.
- Visootsak J, Rosner B, Dykens E, Tartaglia N, Graham JM Jr. Behavioralphenotype of sex chromosome aneuploidies: 48,XXYY, 48,XXXY, and 49,XXXXY. Am JMed Genet A. 2007 Jun 1;143A(11):1198-203.
- Zelante L, Piemontese MR, Francioli G, Calvano S. Two 48,XXYY patients:clinical, cytogenetic and molecular aspects. Ann Genet. 2003Oct-Dec;46(4):479-81.
More
Confirm
Are you sure to Delete?
Video Upload Options
Do you have a full video?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Yang, C. 48,XXYY Syndrome. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4211 (accessed on 01 October 2023).
Yang C. 48,XXYY Syndrome. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4211. Accessed October 01, 2023.
Yang, Catherine. "48,XXYY Syndrome" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4211 (accessed October 01, 2023).
Yang, C.(2020, December 23). 48,XXYY Syndrome. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4211
Yang, Catherine. "48,XXYY Syndrome." Encyclopedia. Web. 23 December, 2020.
Copy Citation
