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Topic Review
X-ray Images and Spectrograms with Spatial Resolution
X-ray imaging diagnostics based on Fresnel lenses are very promising as the field of view is of the order of 1 mm and even higher, and the spatial resolution can reach hundreds of nm. The obvious disadvantage of such diagnostics is the presence of the chromatic effect, which reduces the contrast of the image and leads to the need to use a rather narrow spectral range. The spectrographs with flat or curved crystals used have a satisfactory spectral resolution but cannot always provide sufficient luminosity and spatial resolution when it comes to obtaining images of plasma sources. Spectrometers with toroidal schemes do not have these disadvantages, but their surface is much more difficult to fabricate and the resulting schemes are difficult to set up because of the limitation in all six degrees of freedom.
  • 596
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
X-ray and Nuclear Spectroscopies for Non-Gadolinium MRI Agents
Nanoparticulated manganese cyanoferrate (K2Mn[Fe(CN)6]) and its analogs are non-toxic complexes and prime candidates for the next generation non-gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents. L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (L-XAS) and 57Fe specific nuclear resonant vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) can be combined as a modern spectroscopic method to evaluate the element specific and isotope specific information about the oxidation states, electronic spin states and the coordination environments for the metals inside these complexes.
  • 293
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure
X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), also known as near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), is a type of absorption spectroscopy that indicates the features in the X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of condensed matter due to the photoabsorption cross section for electronic transitions from an atomic core level to final states in the energy region of 50–100 eV above the selected atomic core level ionization energy, where the wavelength of the photoelectron is larger than the interatomic distance between the absorbing atom and its first neighbour atoms.
  • 518
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
X-linked Thrombocytopenia
X-linked thrombocytopenia is a bleeding disorder that primarily affects males.
  • 673
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
X-linked Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda
X-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda is a condition that impairs bone growth and occurs almost exclusively in males.
  • 473
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
X-linked Sideroblastic Anemia and Ataxia
X-linked sideroblastic anemia and ataxia is a rare condition characterized by a blood disorder called sideroblastic anemia and movement problems known as ataxia. This condition occurs only in males.  
  • 545
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
X-linked Sideroblastic Anemia
X-linked sideroblastic anemia is an inherited disorder that prevents developing red blood cells (erythroblasts) from making enough hemoglobin, which is the protein that carries oxygen in the blood.
  • 660
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
X-linked Myotubular Myopathy
X-linked myotubular myopathy is a condition that primarily affects muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) and occurs almost exclusively in males. People with this condition have muscle weakness (myopathy) and decreased muscle tone (hypotonia) that are usually evident at birth.  
  • 425
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
X-linked Lymphoproliferative Disease
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is a disorder of the immune system and blood-forming cells that is found almost exclusively in males.
  • 460
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
X-linked Lissencephaly with Abnormal Genitalia
X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia (XLAG) is a condition that affects the development of the brain and genitalia. It occurs most often in males.  
  • 486
  • 24 Dec 2020
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