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Topic Review
Stachybotrys chartarum Enzymes and Their Possible Applications
Stachybotrys chartarum (black mold) (Stachybotriaceae) is a toxigenic fungus that is commonly found in damp environments. This fungus has the capacity to produce various classes of bio-metabolites with unrivaled structural features, including cyclosporins, cochlioquinones, atranones, trichothecenes, dolabellanes, phenylspirodrimanes, xanthones, and isoindoline and chromene derivatives.
  • 534
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Staphylococcus aureus in Inflammatory Diseases
Staphylococcus aureus is a very common Gram-positive bacterium, and S. aureus infections play an extremely important role in a variety of diseases. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a Gram-positive bacterium, is one of the most notorious human pathogens, causing illnesses ranging from mild skin and wound infections to fatal sepsis or multi-organ failure. Inflammatory cells play an important role in S. aureus infection. S. aureus infection and toxins can activate a variety of inflammatory cells, such as keratinocytes, helper T cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, which release inflammatory factors that accumulate at the site of infection and cause an inflammatory response.
  • 861
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Staphylococcus aureus-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Atopic Dermatitis Pathophysiology
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory cutaneous disease. The role of host defense and microbial virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization, infection, and inflammation perpetuation in AD remains an area of current research focus. Extracellular vesicles (EV) mediate cell-to-cell communication by transporting and delivering bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and enzymes, to recipient cells. Staphylococcus aureus spontaneously secretes extracellular vesicles (SA-derived EVs), which spread throughout the skin layers. Research has shown that SA-derived EVs from AD patients can trigger cytokine secretion in keratinocytes, shape the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes, and induce inflammatory AD-type lesions in mouse models, in addition to their role as exogenous worsening factors for the disease. 
  • 153
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Staphylococcus schweitzeri
The Staphylococcus aureus-related complex is formed by the Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus schweitzeri, Staphylococcus argenteus, Staphylococcus roterodami and Staphylococcus singaporensis. Within this complex, S. schweitzeri is the only species mainly found in African wildlife, but it is rarely detected as a colonizer in humans or as a contaminant of fomites. The few detections in humans are most likely spillover events after contact with wildlife. However, since S. schweitzeri can be misidentified as S. aureus using culture-based routine techniques, it is likely that S. schweitzeri is under-reported in humans. The low number of isolates in humans, though, is consistent with the fact that the pathogen has typical animal adaptation characteristics (e.g., growth kinetics, lack of immune evasion cluster and antimicrobial resistance); however, evidence from selected in vitro assays (e.g., host cell invasion, cell activation, cytotoxicity) indicate that S. schweitzeri might be as virulent as S. aureus. In this case, contact with animals colonized with S. schweitzeri could constitute a risk for zoonotic infections. 
  • 663
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Wound Dressing
Polymeric materials have found increasing use in biomedical applications. Among them, hydrogels represent the chosen class of materials to use in this field, in particular as wound dressings. They are generally non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable, and they can absorb large amounts of exudates. Moreover, hydrogels actively contribute to skin repair promoting fibroblast proliferation and keratinocyte migration, allowing oxygen to permeate, and protecting wounds from microbial invasion. As wound dressing, stimuli-responsive systems are particularly advantageous since they can be active only in response to specific environmental stimuli (such as pH, light, ROS concentration, temperature, and glucose level). 
  • 384
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Sui Generis Geographical Indications for Apparel and Footwear
In a global context marked by deterritorialization, free circulation of people and products, and appraisal of cultural differences, the researchers ground the proposition that extending sui generis Geographical indications (GIs) to fashion items would be a favorable solution for both communicating the genius loci and promoting sustainable practices. This process would go hand in hand with the creation of shorter and more responsible supply chains, deeply connecting the wearer and the local fields and pushing for individual or community agency. Building on the lessons learnt from the food industry, though, in the fashion sector, the path could be set in the reverse direction, with GIs being granted to companies not only because of the local scope of production but also considering the abidance by specific sustainability criteria.
  • 618
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Sulcia Muelleri
"Candidatus Sulcia muelleri" is an aerobic, gram-negative, bacillus bacteria that is a part of the phylum Bacteroidetes. S. muelleri is an obligate and mutualistic symbiotic microbe commonly found occupying specialized cell compartments of sap-feeding insects called bacteriocytes. A majority of the research done on S. muelleri has detailed its relationship with the host Homalodisca vitripennis. Other studies have documented the nature of its residency in other insects like the maize leafhopper (Cicadulina) or the spittlebug (Cercopoidea). Sulcia muelleri is noted for its exceptionally minimal genome and it is currently identified as having the smallest known sequenced Bacteroidetes genome at only 245 kilobases.
  • 353
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Tafazzin in Mitochondrial Function, Development and Disease
Tafazzin, an enzyme associated with the rare inherited x-linked disorder Barth Syndrome, is a nuclear encoded mitochondrial transacylase that is highly conserved across multiple species and plays an important role in mitochondrial function. 
  • 446
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Tagetes (Asteraceae)
The genus Tagetes, which includes plants known as ‘marigolds’, belongs to the Asteraceae family and contains more than 50 cultivated and wild species. Marigolds are native to America, but several species are naturalised in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Plants of the genus Tagetes are amongst the most widespread garden flowers worldwide. Marigolds are popular amongst gardeners due to their easy cultivation, wide adaptability, low demands for ecological and technological factors, and flower production throughout the year.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
TaNACs in Wheat Crop Improvement
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the main staple food crops cultivated around the world. Although it is a very important cereal crop, it is underexplored compared to rice, barley, and maize. The main reason is its large and complex hexaploid genome, AABBDD (2n = 6x = 42), which has three homoeologous sets of genes that make research more demanding. The genome of rice is diploid, 33 times smaller than that of wheat; therefore, this species is very well explored and treated as a model among cereals. Barley and maize are diploid species. However, the first one is more closely related to wheat, thus reports on the cis-regulation of genes in these two species, rice, and barley, by NAC TFs are also discussed and compared with wheat.
  • 493
  • 27 Dec 2022
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