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Topic Review
Water Activity Prediction
Water activity is one of the most important factors influencing the quality and stability of food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products.
  • 536
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Water Accounting
To improve water use efficiency and productivity, particularly in irrigated areas, reliable water accounting methodologies are essential, as they provide information on the status and trends in irrigation water availability/supply and consumption/demand. At the collective irrigation system level, irrigation water accounting (IWA) relies on the quantification of water fluxes from the diversion point to the plants, at both the conveyance and distribution network and the irrigated field level.
  • 581
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Watch System
A watch system, watch schedule, or watch bill is a method of assigning regular periods of work duty aboard ships and some other areas of employment. A watch system allows the ship's crew to operate the ship 24 hours a day for the duration of long voyages or operations. Many watch systems incorporate the concept of dogging, whereby one watch is split into two shorter watches so that there is an odd number each day. Doing so allows crew members to have a different watch schedule each day. Often, the dog watches are set at dinner time to allow the entire crew to be fed in short order.
  • 595
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Wastewater Treatment Using Constructed Wetland
Constructed wetlands (CW) is an environmentally friendly technique for removing pollutants from wastewater and has been applied to municipal wastewater, petroleum refinery wastewater, agriculture drainage, acid mine drainage, etc.
  • 761
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Wastewater Treatment Technologies
Freshwater is in limited supply, and the growing population further contributes to its scarcity. The effective treatment of wastewater is essential now more than ever, because waterborne infections significantly contribute to global deaths, and millions of people are deprived of safe drinking water. The wastewater treatment technologies include preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments, which are effective in removing several contaminants.
  • 971
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Wastewater Treatment Processes
Wastewater generated from various industrial sectors contains micropollutants, nutrients (nitrogen, sulfur, copper, phosphorus), carbon-based pollutants (antibiotics, aromatic hydrocarbons, biocides, phenolic compounds, and surfactants etc.) and heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury nickel, lead, and zinc) . 
  • 798
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Wastewater Treatment in Developing Nations
Water is the founding fundamental of life and hence is a basic need of life. Due to poor water quality and sanitation problems, most health issues are caused by water-borne infections. In developing countries, untreated wastewater is released into water bodies or the ground, thereby polluting natural resources. This is due to the lack of sufficient infrastructure, planning, funding, and technologies to overcome these problems. Additionally, the urbanization of megacities in developing countries is highly accelerated, but it is disproportionate to the required resources for treating wastewater. 
  • 642
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Wastewater Treatment by Natural Polymer
Water pollution caused by heavy metal ions and dyes is causing serious environmental problems. Heavy metal ions and dyes such as chromium ion (Cr(VI)) and methylene blue (MB) used in various industries are soluble in aquatic conditions. In an aquatic environment, they can be easily consumed and can cause severe health problems, including carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Natural polymers such as lignin, cellulose, or chitosan are often used, or synthetic microspheres are modified using a bio-based polymer such as vanillin. Natural polymers meet one of the requirements to minimize the secondary pollution in that they are mostly eco-friendly and biodegradable. Besides this, natural polymers also exhibit great performance as adsorbents.
  • 652
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Wastewater Treatment by Microalgae through Biosorption
Bacteria naturally present in wastewater contribute to nutrient removal. The analysis here are promising for the potential environmentally friendly application of C. vulgaris in the development of an integrated biorefinery in sugar beet processing plants for improved and cost-effective wastewater treatment. It could also be considered particularly important for a multifaceted approach to managing the environmental sustainability of wastewater bioremediation.
  • 707
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Wastewater Treatment by Catalytic Wet Peroxidation
Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in the development of promising, efficient, and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment technologies. Among them are the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), in particular, catalytic wet peroxidation (CWPO), assisted or not by radiation. One of the challenges for the industrial application of this process is the development of stable and efficient catalysts, without leaching of the metal to the aqueous phase during the treatment. Gold catalysts, in particular, have attracted much attention from researchers because they show these characteristics. Recently, numerous studies have been reported in the literature regarding the preparation of gold catalysts supported on various supports and testing their catalytic performance in the treatment of real wastewaters or model pollutants by CWPO. This review summarizes this research; the properties of such catalysts and their expected effects on the overall efficiency of the CWPO process, together with a description of the effect of operational variables (such as pH, temperature, oxidant concentration, catalyst, and gold content). In addition, an overview is given of the main technical issues of this process aiming at its industrial application, namely the possibility of using the catalyst in continuous flow reactors. Such considerations will provide useful information for a faster and more effective analysis and optimization of the CWPO process.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 May 2020
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