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Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms behind Muscles Growth in Young Subjects
Muscle growth, or muscle hypertrophy, is a complex process regulated by several molecular pathways. The IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is a vital signaling cascade in muscle growth that involves various interconnected mechanisms. Its activation increases protein synthesis, reduces protein degradation, and improves cell growth. Akt activation is crucial in promoting muscle protein synthesis in response to exercise and nutrient intake in young individuals. The timing of exercise and protein intake also affect Akt activation and subsequent muscle protein synthesis. While exercise alone did not increase Akt and mTOR phosphorylation, protein ingestion afterward did so in a dose-dependent manner. Growth hormone (GH) promotes the uptake of essential nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, into muscle cells for energy production and protein synthesis. Testosterone is one of the most potent naturally secreted androgenic-anabolic hormones, and its biological effects include promoting muscle growth. 
  • 410
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
SLC9C1 (NHE10/sNHE) in Male Fertility
The SLC9C1 gene encodes the NHE10 protein (also known as sNHE). This protein has been shown to be essential for male fertility in both mice and humans and therefore there has been much interest in studying this protein. What is known about NHE10 and its role in male fertility is highlighted.
  • 180
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
SLC9B2 (NHA2/NHEDC2) in Male Fertility
The SLC9B2 gene encodes the NHA2 protein (also known as NHEDC2). While NHA2 has been shown to be important for regulating various aspects of physiology such as blood pressure, this protein has also been implicated as being important for male fertility in mice. What is known about NHA2 and its potentially important role in male fertility is emphasized.
  • 228
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome on Immunotherapy for Gastroesophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer (EC) is a highly aggressive malignancy, comprising two main subtypes, esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma/ESCC and esophageal adenocarcinoma/EAC. Gastric cancer (GC) has been identified as a disease caused by a combination of genetic, molecular, and environmental factors, with H. pylori infection being the most common factor among them.
  • 237
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Regenerating Myofibers after an Acute Muscle Injury
Injury to skeletal muscle through trauma, physical activity, or disease initiates a process called muscle regeneration. When injured myofibers undergo necrosis, muscle regeneration gives rise to myofibers that have myonuclei in a central position, which contrasts the normal, peripheral position of myonuclei. Myofibers with central myonuclei are called regenerating myofibers and are the hallmark feature of muscle regeneration. An important and underappreciated aspect of muscle regeneration is the maturation of regenerating myofibers into a normal sized myofiber with peripheral myonuclei. Strikingly, very little is known about processes that govern regenerating myofiber maturation after muscle injury. 
  • 169
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Signaling Pathways in Hypothalamic Neurons with Aging
The hypothalamus is an important regulator of autonomic and endocrine functions also involved in aging regulation. The aging process in the hypothalamus is accompanied by disturbed intracellular signaling including insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)/growth hormone (GH), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB), and nitric oxide (NO). 
  • 114
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Role of Melatonin in Directing Plant Physiology
Melatonin (MT), a naturally occurring compound, is found in various species worldwide. In 1958, it was first identified in the pineal gland of dairy cows. MT is an “old friend” but a “new compound” for plant biology. It brings experts and research minds from the broad field of plant sciences due to its considerable influence on plant systems. The MT production process in plants and animals is distinct, where it has been expressed explicitly in chloroplasts and mitochondria in plants. Tryptophan acts as the precursor for the formation of phyto-melatonin, along with intermediates including tryptamine, serotonin, N-acetyl serotonin, and 5-methoxy tryptamine. It plays a vital role in growth phases such as the seed germination and seedling growth of crop plants. MT significantly impacts the gas exchange, thereby improving physio-chemical functions in plant systems. During stress, the excessive generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, nucleic acid damage, and enzyme inhibition. Because it directly acts as an antioxidant compound, it awakens the plant antioxidant defense system during stress and reduces the production of ROS, which results in decreasing cellular oxidative damage. MT can enhance plant growth and development in response to various abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, high temperature, flooding, and heavy metals by regulating the antioxidant mechanism of plants.
  • 323
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Beehive Products for Wound Repair and Skin Care
There is a long and interesting history between honeybees and humans. From the beginning, honey has been utilized not only as a sweetener, but also as an ointment and a drug to treat several diseases. Until the discovery of antibiotics, honey was a very popular product used to protect and preserve skin and promote wound healing, to counteract gastrointestinal pains and disorders of the oral cavity, and for other diseases. After the development of antibiotic resistance, honey again gained interest for its use in wound management. Subsequently, more recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have displayed antimicrobial, antioxidant, and other effects of honey and honeybee products, as well as protection of cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems. 
  • 232
  • 06 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Smartwatches and Heart Rate Variability in Stress Management
In the modern world, stress has become a pervasive concern that affects individuals’ physical and mental well-being. To address this issue, many wearable devices have emerged as potential tools for stress detection and management by measuring heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), and various metrics related to it. 
  • 286
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Metabolic Reprogramming and TME Remodeling inMetastasis
It is increasingly recognized that the complex heterogeneous nature of the tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in the evolution and progression of cancer. The communication between matrix cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME), via extracellular vesicles, serves as an essential mediator for the development, recurrence, and metastatic dissemination of several cancer types. The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) within the tumor microenvironment appears to be multifaceted and bidirectional as the initial release of EVs from cancer cells leads to the recruitment and activation of stromal cells, which includes cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), cancer-associated endothelial cells (CAEC), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). As tumor growth progresses, evidence suggests that EVs released from surrounding stromal cells drive the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells, and thus their progression to more metastatic phenotypes. Complementarily, as the release of EVs is enhanced during tumor growth, for certain tumors it allows their widespread diffusion and provides them with the potential to establish the pre-metastatic niche, which is necessary for the successful dissemination, colonization, and expansion of these cells to distant organ sites.
  • 95
  • 27 Sep 2023
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