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Topic Review
Radar Depth and Velocity Estimation
Radar can measure range and Doppler velocity, but both of them cannot be directly used for downstream tasks. The range measurements are sparse and therefore difficult to associate with their visual correspondences. The Doppler velocity is measured in the radial axis and, therefore, cannot be directly used for tracking.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Application Programming Interface
Template:Hatnote group An application programming interface (API) is a computing interface which defines interactions between multiple software intermediaries. It defines the kinds of calls or requests that can be made, how to make them, the data formats that should be used, the conventions to follow, etc. It can also provide extension mechanisms so that users can extend existing functionality in various ways and to varying degrees. An API can be entirely custom, specific to a component, or it can be designed based on an industry standard to ensure interoperability. Through information hiding, APIs enable modular programming, which allows users to use the interface independently of the implementation.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Control-Based 4D Printing
Building on the recent progress of four-dimensional (4D) printing to produce dynamic structures, this study aimed to bring this technology to the next level by introducing control-based 4D printing to develop adaptive 4D-printed systems with highly versatile multi-disciplinary applications, including medicine, in the form of assisted soft robots, smart textiles as wearable electronics and other industries such as agriculture and microfluidics. This study introduced and analyzed adaptive 4D-printed systems with an advanced manufacturing approach for developing stimuli-responsive constructs that organically adapted to environmental dynamic situations and uncertainties as nature does. The adaptive 4D-printed systems incorporated synergic integration of three-dimensional (3D)-printed sensors into 4D-printing and control units, which could be assembled and programmed to transform their shapes based on the assigned tasks and environmental stimuli. This paper demonstrates the adaptivity of these systems via a combination of proprioceptive sensory feedback, modeling and controllers, as well as the challenges and future opportunities they present.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Propagation Graph
Propagation Graphs are a mathematical modelling method for radio propagation channels. A propagation graph is a signal flow graph in which vertices represent transmitters, receivers or scatterers, and edges models propagation conditions between vertices. Propagation graph models were initially developed in for multipath propagation in scenarios with multiple scattering, such as indoor radio propagation. It has later been applied in many other scenarios.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Metric Units
Metric units are units based on the metre, gram or second and decimal (power of ten) multiples or sub-multiples of these. The most widely used examples are the units of the International System of Units (SI). By extension they include units of electromagnetism from the CGS and SI units systems, and other units for which use of SI prefixes has become the norm. Other unit systems using metric units include:
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Random Number Generation
Ever since the antiquity, random number generation has played an important role both in common everyday life activities, such as leisure games, as well as in the advancement of science. Such means as dice and coins have been employed since the ancient times in order to generate random numbers that were used for gambling, dispute resolution, leisure games, and perhaps even fortune-telling. The theory behind the generation of random numbers, as well as the ability to potentially predict the outcome of this process, has been heavily studied and exploited by mathematics, in an attempt to either ensure the randomness of the process, to gain an advantage in correctly predicting its future outcomes, or to approximate the results of rather complicated computations. Especially in cryptography, random numbers are used due to the aforementioned properties, so that attackers have no other option but to guess the secret. This fact, in conjunction with the ongoing digitalisation of our world, has led to an interest in random number generation within the framework of computer science. In this context, random number generation systems are classified into two main categories: pseudorandom number generators and true random number generators, with the former generating sequences of numbers that appear to be random, but are in fact completely predictable when the initial value (being referred to as the seed) and conditions used for the number generation process are known, and with the latter generating truly random sequences of numbers that can only be predicted (correctly) with negligible probability, even if the initial value and conditions are known. 
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Base 16 Floating Point
IBM System/360 computers, and subsequent machines based on that architecture (mainframes), support a hexadecimal floating-point format (HFP). In comparison to IEEE 754 floating-point, the IBM floating-point format has a longer significand, and a shorter exponent. All IBM floating-point formats have 7 bits of exponent with a bias of 64. The normalized range of representable numbers is from 16−65 to 1663 (approx. 5.39761 × 10−79 to 7.237005 × 1075). The number is represented as the following formula: (−1)sign × 0.significand × 16exponent−64.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Unique Games Conjecture
In computational complexity theory, the unique games conjecture (often referred to as UGC) is a conjecture made by Subhash Khot in 2002. The conjecture postulates that the problem of determining the approximate value of a certain type of game, known as a unique game, has NP-hard computational complexity. It has broad applications in the theory of hardness of approximation. If the unique games conjecture is true and P ≠ NP, then for many important problems it is not only impossible to get an exact solution in polynomial time (as postulated by the P versus NP problem), but also impossible to get a good polynomial-time approximation. The problems for which such an inapproximability result would hold include constraint satisfaction problems, which crop up in a wide variety of disciplines. The conjecture is unusual in that the academic world seems about evenly divided on whether it is true or not.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
3D Biometrics
Biometrics have been used to identify humans since the 19th century. Over time, these biometrics became 3D. The main reason for this was the growing need for more features in the images to create more reliable identification models. Three main categories of 3D biometrics were identified. These were face, hand and gait. The corresponding percentages for these categories were 74.07%, 20.37% and 5.56%, respectively. The face is further categorized into facial, ear, iris and skull, while the hand is divided into fingerprint, finger vein and palm. In each category, facial and fingerprint were predominant, and their respective percentages were 80% and 54.55%. The use of the 3D reconstruction algorithms was also determined. These were stereo vision, structure-from-silhouette (SfS), structure-from-motion (SfM), structured light, time-of-flight (ToF), photometric stereo and tomography. Stereo vision and SfS were the most commonly used algorithms with a combined percentage of 51%. The state of the art for each category and the available datasets are also presented. Finally, multimodal biometrics, generalization of 3D reconstruction algorithms and anti-spoofing metrics are the three areas that should attract scientific interest for further research. 
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Firo (Cryptocurrency)
Firo, formerly known as Zcoin, is a cryptocurrency aimed at using cryptography to provide better privacy for its users compared to other cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Nov 2022
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