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Topic Review
Free Software License
A free-software license is a notice that grants the recipient of a piece of software extensive rights to modify and redistribute that software. These actions are usually prohibited by copyright law, but the rights-holder (usually the author) of a piece of software can remove these restrictions by accompanying the software with a software license which grants the recipient these rights. Software using such a license is free software (or free and open-source software) as conferred by the copyright holder. Free-software licenses are applied to software in source code and also binary object-code form, as the copyright law recognizes both forms.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Clipboard (Computing)
The clipboard is a buffer that some operating systems provide for short-term storage and transfer within and between application programs. The clipboard is usually temporary and unnamed, and its contents reside in the computer's RAM. The clipboard provides an application programming interface by which programs can specify cut, copy and paste operations. It is left to the program to define methods for the user to command these operations, which may include keybindings and menu selections. When an element is copied or cut, the clipboard must store enough information to enable a sensible result no matter where the element is pasted. Application programs may extend the clipboard functions that the operating system provides. A clipboard manager may give the user additional control over the clipboard. Specific clipboard semantics vary among operating systems, can also vary between versions of the same system, and can sometimes be changed by programs and by user preferences. Windows, Linux and macOS support a single clipboard transaction.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Speakwrite
Newspeak is the language of Oceania, a fictional totalitarian state and the setting of the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), by George Orwell. To meet the ideological requirements of English Socialism (Ingsoc) in Oceania, the ruling Party created Newspeak, a controlled language of restricted grammar and limited vocabulary, meant to limit the freedom of thought—personal identity, self-expression, free will—that threatens the ideology of the régime of Big Brother and the Party, who have criminalized such concepts into thoughtcrime, as contradictions of Ingsoc orthodoxy. In "The Principles of Newspeak", the appendix to the novel, George Orwell explains that Newspeak usage follows most of the English grammar, yet is a language characterised by a continually diminishing vocabulary; complete thoughts reduced to simple terms of simplistic meaning. Linguistically, the contractions of Newspeak—Ingsoc (English Socialism), Minitrue (Ministry of Truth), etc.—derive from the syllabic abbreviations of Russian, which identify the government and social institutions of the Soviet Union, such as politburo (Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union), Comintern (Communist International), kolkhoz (collective farm), and Komsomol (Young Communists' League). The long-term political purpose of the new language is for every member of the Party and society, except the Proles—the working-class of Oceania—to exclusively communicate in Newspeak, by A.D. 2050; during that 66-year transition, the usage of Oldspeak (Standard English) shall remain interspersed among Newspeak conversations. Newspeak is also a constructed language, of planned phonology, grammar, and vocabulary, like Basic English, which Orwell promoted (1942–44) during the Second World War (1939–45), and later rejected in the essay "Politics and the English Language" (1946), wherein he criticizes the bad usage of English in his day: dying metaphors, pretentious diction, and high-flown rhetoric, which produce the meaningless words of doublespeak, the product of unclear reasoning. Orwell's conclusion thematically reiterates linguistic decline: "I said earlier that the decadence of our language is probably curable. Those who deny this may argue that language merely reflects existing social conditions, and that we cannot influence its development, by any direct tinkering with words or constructions."
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
History of Delphi
This page details the history of the programming language and software product Delphi.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Windows Defender
Microsoft Defender (known as Windows Defender before Windows 10 November 2019 Update or Windows Defender Antivirus in Windows 10 Creators Update and later) is an anti-malware component of Microsoft Windows. It was first released as a downloadable free anti-spyware program for Windows XP, and was later shipped with Windows Vista and Windows 7. It has evolved into a full antivirus program, replacing Microsoft Security Essentials as part of Windows 8 and later versions.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
DICONDE
Digital Imaging and Communication for Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) is a vendor-neutral digital data storage and transmission protocol that defines the organization of nondestructive testing (NDT) inspection data and associated metadata in a standard format. DICONDE is based on and inherits from the universally adopted medical standard, DICOM, which facilitates the interoperability of imaging, video, and signal data acquisition equipment through data storage, query, and network communication protocols. The ASTM International standards organization maintains and holds the copyright to the relevant DICONDE published standards, including a tutorial guide designated as E3169. Development and maintenance of the standard is handled by committee E07 on nondestructive testing. Subcommittee E07.11 on DICONDE is concerned with the formulation of standards for the communication and storage of data generated by all nondestructive testing methodologies capable of handling data in an electronic format. ASTM maintains a page dedicated to DICONDE and openly provides resources on the ASTM DICONDE home page.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
High-frequency analysis, Model Validation and Intraday risk metrics
Despite the growing amount of research in the field of high frequency financial data analysis, few studies have focused on model validation and high-frequency risk measures. This study contributes to the literature in the following ways: A rigorous model validation, both in terms of in-sample fit and out-sample performance for the MC-GARCH model under five error distributions is provided. Statistical and graphical tests are conducted to validate the models. One component of the MC-GARCH model is the daily variance forecast. For this purpose, the GARCH(1,1) and EGARCH(1,1) under the five error distributions are compared and the best model among the 10 GARCH models is used to forecast the daily variance. The modelling and forecasting performance of the MC-GARCH model under different distributional assumptions is assessed in this study. The 99% intraday VaR is forecasted and three backtesting procedures are used. This is the first study to assess the VaR predictive ability of the MC-GARCH models by using an asymmetric VaR loss function. This is the first study to forecast the intraday expected shortfall under different distributional assumptions for the MC-GARCH model. Again, three backtests are used including the recently proposed ES regression backtest. Due to the high importance of risk management, the results of this study may contribute in many fields. This study is highly relevant to the banking industry since banks are required to calculate risk metrics on a daily basis for internal control purposes and for determining their capital requirements. Risk measurement is also essential to the insurance industry from the pricing of insurance contracts to determining the Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR) and therefore the results of this study might be useful. Any other organisation having an exposure to some kind of financial risk might benefit from this study. 
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nvidia Quadro
Quadro is Nvidia's brand for graphics cards intended for use in workstations running professional computer-aided design (CAD), computer-generated imagery (CGI), digital content creation (DCC) applications, scientific calculations and machine learning. The GPU chips on Quadro-branded graphics cards are identical to those used on GeForce-branded graphics cards. Differences between the Quadro and GeForce cards include the use of ECC memory and enhanced floating point precision. These are desirable properties when the cards are used for calculations which, in contrast to graphics rendering, require reliability and precision. The Nvidia Quadro product line directly competes with AMD's Radeon Pro line of professional workstation cards.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Snap
Snap is a software packaging and deployment system developed by Canonical for operating systems that use the Linux kernel and the systemd init system. The packages, called snaps, and the tool for using them, snapd, work across a range of Linux distributions and allow upstream software developers to distribute their applications directly to users. Snaps are self-contained applications running in a sandbox with mediated access to the host system. Snap was originally released for cloud applications but was later ported to also work for Internet of Things devices and desktop applications.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ring
Ring LLC is a home security and smart home company owned by Amazon. Ring manufactures home security products that incorporate outdoor surveillance cameras, including the Ring Video Doorbell smart doorbell, and hosts an app, Neighbors, for online social sharing of captured footage among users. Ring also provides video footage from its cameras and data from its Neighbors app to law enforcement agencies on request. Its police partnerships have been criticized by civil rights advocacy groups as building an invasive private surveillance network.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Oct 2022
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