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Mechanics and Mathematics in Ancient Greece
This entry presents an overview on how mechanics in Greece was linked to geometry. In ancient Greece, mechanics was about lifting heavy bodies, and mathematics almost coincided with geometry. Mathematics interconnected with mechanics at least from the 5th century BCE and became dominant in the Hellenistic period. The contributions by thinkers such as Aristotle, Euclid, and Archytas on fundamental problems such as that of the lever are sketched. This entry can be the starting point for a deeper investigation on the connections of the two disciplines through the ages until our present day.
  • 1.9K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Metaverse
The Metaverse is the post-reality universe, a perpetual and persistent multiuser environment merging physical reality with digital virtuality. It is based on the convergence of technologies that enable multisensory interactions with virtual environments, digital objects and people such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). Hence, the Metaverse is an interconnected web of social, networked immersive environments in persistent multiuser platforms. It enables seamless embodied user communication in real-time and dynamic interactions with digital artifacts. Its first iteration was a web of virtual worlds where avatars were able to teleport among them. The contemporary iteration of the Metaverse features social, immersive VR platforms compatible with massive multiplayer online video games, open game worlds and AR collaborative spaces.
  • 4.5K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
AR for Human–Robot Collaboration/Cooperation in Industrial Applications
Augmented reality (AR): overlays virtual objects on the real-world environment and also provides the ability to interact with that environment. AR is any case in which an otherwise real environment is “augmented” by means of virtual (computer graphic) objects. With the continuously growing usage of collaborative robots in industry, the need for achieving a seamless human–robot interaction has also increased, considering that it is a key factor towards reaching a more flexible, effective, and efficient production line. As a prominent and prospective tool to support the human operator to understand and interact with robots, Augmented Reality (AR) has been employed in numerous human–robot collaborative and cooperative industrial applications. 
  • 722
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Wireless Sensor Networks Architecture
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have taken a giant leap in scale, expanding their applicability to a large variety of technological domains and applications, ranging from the Internet of things (IoT) for smart cities and smart homes to wearable technology healthcare applications, underwater, agricultural and environmental monitoring and many more. This expansion is rapidly growing every passing day in terms of the variety, heterogeneity and the number of devices which such applications support. Data collection is commonly the core application in WSN and IoT networks, which are typically composed of a large variety of devices, some constrained by their resources (e.g., processing, storage, energy) and some by highly diverse demands. Many challenges span all the conceptual communication layers, from the Physical to the Applicational. In addition, the integrated unit architecture and the platform design can be subject to various stringent constraints. For example, size requirements can impose a strict constraint on the device design; low power consumption, low production cost, and self-operation can represent additional constraints.  Accordingly, the device architecture is fundamental and affects many other factors in the system. For example, power supply affects the life span; it also affects transmission range, memory, and processing unit, which in turn can affect the algorithms that can be executed on the device, etc.
  • 2.5K
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Agricultural Big Data
Agricultural Big Data is a set of technologies that allows responding to the challenges of the new data era. In conjunction with machine learning, farmers can use data to address problems such as farmers’ decision making, water management, soil management, crop management, and livestock management. Crop management includes yield prediction, disease detection, weed detection, crop quality, and species recognition. On the other hand, livestock management considers animal welfare and livestock production. 
  • 677
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Data Fusion in Agriculture
The term “data fusion” can be defined as “the process of combining data from multiple sources to produce more accurate, consistent, and concise information than that provided by any individual data source”. Other stricter definitions do exist to better fit narrower contexts. This type of approach has been applied to agricultural problems since the first half of the 1990s, and there has been an increase in the use of this approach. Arguably, the main challenge involved in the use of data fusion techniques involves finding the best approach to fully explore the synergy and complementarities that potentially exist between different types of data and data sources.
  • 715
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Blockchain-Enabled Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Within the paradigm of distributed ledger technology (DLT), the communication models and practices for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have been revolutionized. VANETs introduce a network of self-organizing vehicles that act as mobile nodes. They confine the communication between vehicles and roadside units as V2V and V2R. They assists drivers in avoiding collisions, picking the shortest route on the basis of traffic optimization, identifying tolls and the nearest fuel stations, and in enhancing the safety of assets and lives. They facilitate the communication of vehicles across the network for real-time data transmission. They improve the road safety mechanism and provide instant alerts or information in order to concern the authorities in cases of emergency situations, such as rollovers, accidents, etc. The existing architecture of VANETs also exposes vulnerabilities, such as data sniffing, impersonation, and ransomware attacks.
  • 753
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Student Accessibility Services in Higher Education Institutions
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) highlights the right of people with disabilities to access education without discrimination and equal opportunities. In general terms, accessibility in education means that a person with disabilities must be able to "acquire the same information, engage in the same interactions, and enjoy the same services, in an equally effective and equally integrated manner, with substantially equivalent ease of use, as a person without disabilities". In higher education institutions (HEIs), this implies, as broadly as possible, environments (including virtual), processes, access to information, objects, tools, devices, communication, goods, and services, by considering universal design principles and reasonable adjustments.
  • 436
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cloud Computing Failure Prediction
To date, despite the significant improvement in the performance of the hardware elements of the cloud infrastructure, the failure rate remains substantial. Moreover, the cloud is not as reliable as the cloud service providers, such as Amazon AWS and Ali Cloud, claimed, which is more than 99.9%. For example, multiple instances of failure have been reported, such as the failure of Amazon’s cloud data servers in early October 2012, which resulted in the collapse of Reddit, Airbnb, and Flipboard, the loss of Amazon AWS S3 on 28 February 2017, and the crash of Microsoft cloud services on 22 March 2017. Such failures show that cloud service providers are not as reliable as they claim.
  • 640
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Technological Sustainability and Artificial Intelligence Algor-ethics
Since 2018, a new terminology has been developed, called Algor-ethics, indicating the necessity for a dedicated study concerning the evaluation of an ethics applied to technology, to Algorithms and to Artificial Intelligence (AI). At the same time, since 1987, when the concept of sustainability was introduced, the discussion on this issue has become increasingly lively and has now spread to every area of life. An application of the concept of sustainability to technological processes and in particular to the elaboration of AI systems, for the construction of an ethics that could confer meaning, motivations and impetus in using new technologies and Artificial Intelligence is proposed here. Researchers first try to build an ethical framework, here called Dynamical Techno-Algor-Ethical Composition, to define the interaction between the most important ethical ingredients involving the human person in relation to technology, taking a person-centered approach. Out of this it will emerge a possible structure and definition of Technological Sustainability. The second step consist of evaluating the process for the elaboration of an AI algorithm as a concrete application of the previously analyzed framework, to set ethical contents composing what researchers might call a good and sustainable algorithm.
  • 674
  • 06 Apr 2022
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