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Topic Review
V-Model (Software Development)
In software development, the V-model represents a development process that may be considered an extension of the waterfall model, and is an example of the more general V-model. Instead of moving down in a linear way, the process steps are bent upwards after the coding phase, to form the typical V shape. The V-Model demonstrates the relationships between each phase of the development life cycle and its associated phase of testing. The horizontal and vertical axes represent time or project completeness (left-to-right) and level of abstraction (coarsest-grain abstraction uppermost), respectively.
  • 323
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Partial Area Under the ROC Curve (PAUC)
The Partial Area Under the ROC Curve (pAUC) is a metric for the performance of binary classifier. It is computed based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve that illustrates the diagnostic ability of a given binary classifier system as its discrimination threshold is varied. The ROC curve is created by plotting the true positive rate (TPR) against the false positive rate (FPR) at various threshold settings.The area under the ROC curve (AUC) is often used to summarize in a single number the diagnostic ability of the classifier. The AUC is simply defined as the area of the ROC space that lies below the ROC curve. However, in the ROC space there are regions where the values of FPR or TPR are unacceptable or not viable in practice. For instance, the region where FPR is greater than 0.8 involves that more than 80% of negative subjects are incorrectly classified as positives: this is unacceptable in many real cases. As a consequence, the AUC computed in the entire ROC space (i.e., with both FPR and TPR ranging from 0 to 1) can provide misleading indications. To overcome this limitation of AUC, it was proposed to compute the area under the ROC curve in the area of the ROC space that corresponds to interesting (i.e., practically viable or acceptable) values of FPR and TPR.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Years in Home Video
This page indexes the individual year in home video pages. Some years are annotated with a significant event as a reference point.
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  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
APT
Advanced package tool, or APT, is a free-software user interface that works with core libraries to handle the installation and removal of software on Debian, and Debian-based Linux distributions. APT simplifies the process of managing software on Unix-like computer systems by automating the retrieval, configuration and installation of software packages, either from precompiled files or by compiling source code.
  • 688
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Leela Chess Zero
Leela Chess Zero (abbreviated as LCZero, lc0) is a free, open-source, and deep neural network–based chess engine and distributed computing project. Development has been spearheaded by programmer Gary Linscott, who is also a developer for the Stockfish chess engine. Leela Chess Zero was adapted from the Leela Zero Go engine, which in turn was based on Google's AlphaGo Zero project. One of the purposes of Leela Chess Zero was to verify the methods in the AlphaZero paper as applied to the game of chess. Like Leela Zero and AlphaGo Zero, Leela Chess Zero starts with no intrinsic chess-specific knowledge other than the basic rules of the game. Leela Chess Zero then learns how to play chess by reinforcement learning from repeated self-play, using a distributed computing network coordinated at the Leela Chess Zero website. (As of January 2022), Leela Chess Zero has played over 500 million games against itself, playing around 1 million games every day, and is capable of play at a level that is comparable with Stockfish, the leading conventional chess program.
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  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
RTP Audio Video Profile
The RTP audio/video profile (RTP/AVP) is a profile for Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) that specifies the technical parameters of audio and video streams. RTP specifies a general-purpose data format, but doesn't specify how encoded data should utilize the features of RTP (what payload type value to put in the RTP header, what sampling rate and clock rate [the rate at which the RTP timestamp increments] to use, etc.). An RTP profile specifies these details. The RTP audio/video profile specifies a mapping of specific audio and video codecs and their sampling rates to RTP payload types and clock rates, and how to encode each data format as an RTP data payload, as well as specifying how to describe these mappings using Session Description Protocol (SDP).
  • 642
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Fifth Generation Computer
The Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS) was an initiative by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), begun in 1982, to create computers using massively parallel computing and logic programming. It was to be the result of a government/industry research project in Japan during the 1980s. It aimed to create an "epoch-making computer" with supercomputer-like performance and to provide a platform for future developments in artificial intelligence. There was also an unrelated Russian project also named as a fifth-generation computer (see Kronos (computer)). Ehud Shapiro, in his "Trip Report" paper (which focused the FGCS project on concurrent logic programming as the software foundation for the project), captured the rationale and motivations driving this project: The term "fifth generation" was intended to convey the system as being advanced. In the history of computing hardware, computers using vacuum tubes were called the first generation; transistors and diodes, the second; integrated circuits, the third; and those using microprocessors, the fourth. Whereas previous computer generations had focused on increasing the number of logic elements in a single CPU, the fifth generation, it was widely believed at the time, would instead turn to massive numbers of CPUs for added performance. The project was to create the computer over a ten-year period, after which it was considered ended and investment in a new "sixth generation" project would begin. Opinions about its outcome are divided: either it was a failure, or it was ahead of its time.
  • 11.8K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Snap
Snap is a software packaging and deployment system developed by Canonical for operating systems that use the Linux kernel and the systemd init system. The packages, called snaps, and the tool for using them, snapd, work across a range of Linux distributions and allow upstream software developers to distribute their applications directly to users. Snaps are self-contained applications running in a sandbox with mediated access to the host system. Snap was originally released for cloud applications but was later ported to also work for Internet of Things devices and desktop applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
ModernPascal
Modern Pascal is a closed source, cross-platform, interpreter, compiler and runtime environment for command line, server-side and networking applications. Modern Pascal applications are written in Pascal/Object Pascal, and can be run within the Modern Pascal runtime on Microsoft Windows, Linux, OS X, FreeBSD, Solaris and DOS/32 operating systems. Its work is hosted and supported by the 3F, LLC and partner MP Solutions, LLC. Modern Pascal provides a blocking I/O API technology commonly used for operating system applications. Modern Pascal CodeRunner contains a built-in library to allow applications to act as a Web server without software such as Apache HTTP Server or IIS.
  • 391
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Time Control
A time control is a mechanism in the tournament play of almost all two-player board games so that each round of the match can finish in a timely way and the tournament can proceed. Time controls are typically enforced by means of a game clock, where the times below are given per player. Time pressure (or time trouble or Zeitnot) is the situation of having very little time on a player's clock to complete their remaining moves.
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