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Topic Review
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
The effectiveness of Convolutional Neural Networks in image recognition motivates the researchers to extend its applications in the field of agriculture for recognition of plant species, yield management, weed detection, soil, and water management, fruit counting, diseases, and pest detection, evaluating the nutrient status of plants, and much more. The availability of voluminous research works in applying deep learning models in agriculture leads to difficulty in selecting a suitable model according to the type of dataset and experimental environment. In this manuscript, the authors present a survey of the existing literature in applying deep Convolutional Neural Networks to predict plant diseases from leaf images.
  • 653
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Data Locality in High Performance Computing
Big data has revolutionized science and technology leading to the transformation of our societies. High-performance computing (HPC) provides the necessary computational power for big data analysis using artificial intelligence and methods. Data locality is a broad term that encapsulates different aspects including bringing computations to data, minimizing data movement by efficient exploitation of cache hierarchies, reducing intra- and inter-node communications, locality-aware process and thread mapping, and in situ and transit data analysis. 
  • 653
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Underwater Soft Robotics
Underwater exploration, much like space exploration, has been at the frontier of science and engineering ventures. Some of the early robotic systems sent by humans to explore marine life are known as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs).  ROVs are underwater robots, manually operated by a pilot, using tethered communication. Soft robots made from compliant materials can achieve shrinking and bending motion that allow them to navigate within narrow areas. The ability of soft robots to deform, change their shapes, exhibit infinite degrees of freedom, and perform complex motion, makes them a suitable candidate for the basis of biological emulation, especially that of underwater creatures, which are one of the sources of biomimetic inspiration for robotic and engineering systems.
  • 653
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Friendly Interactive Shell
The friendly interactive shell (fish) is a Unix shell that attempts to be more interactive and user-friendly than those with a longer history (i.e. most other Unix shells) or those formulated as function-compatible replacements for the aforementioned (e.g. zsh, the Falstad shell). The design goal of fish is to give the user a rich set of powerful features in a way that is easy to discover, remember, and use. fish is considered an "exotic shell", in that its syntax derives from neither the Bourne shell (ksh, Bash, zsh) nor the C shell (csh, tcsh). Also unlike previous shells, which disable certain features by default to save system resources, fish enables all features by default.
  • 652
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Adaptive and Intelligent Educational System
There has been much discussion among academics on how pupils may be taught online while yet maintaining a high degree of learning efficiency, in part because of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic in the previous two years. Students may have trouble focusing due to a lack of teacher–student interaction, yet online learning has some advantages that are unavailable in traditional classrooms. The architecture of online courses for students is integrated into a system called the Adaptive and Intelligent Education System (AIES). In AIESs, reinforcement learning is often used in conjunction with the development of teaching strategies, and this reinforcement-learning-based system is known as RLATES.
  • 652
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Apache Wave
Apache Wave was a software framework for real-time collaborative editing online. Google originally developed it as Google Wave. It was announced at the Google I/O conference on May 27, 2009. Wave is a web-based computing platform and communications protocol designed to merge key features of communications media such as email, instant messaging, wikis, and social networking. Communications using the system can be synchronous or asynchronous. Software extensions provide contextual spelling and grammar checking, automated language translation and other features. Initially released only to developers, a preview release of Google Wave was extended to 100,000 users in September 2009, each allowed to invite additional users. Google accepted most requests submitted starting November 29, 2009, soon after the September extended release of the technical preview. On May 19, 2010, it was released to the general public. On August 4, 2010, Google announced the suspension of stand-alone Wave development and the intent of maintaining the web site at least for the remainder of the year, and on November 22, 2011, announced that existing Waves would become read-only in January 2012 and all Waves would be deleted in April 2012. Development was handed over to the Apache Software Foundation which started to develop a server-based product called Wave in a Box. It was retired in January 2018.
  • 650
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Internet of Things in Poland
One definition of the Internet of Things refers to devices that can be directly connected to the internet or other devices using wireless networks or, less frequently, cables. This definition of the IoT includes contemporary telephones, cameras, movement sensors, weather stations, even dishwashers, vehicles, industrial machinery, and daily outfits. Almost any object can get connected to the internet even if it was not manufactured as intended for the IOT, because in the majority of cases its functionality can be extended. The IOT has been growing dynamically, offering smart technological solutions. IoT-based applications are client-server operable which requires a specific communication protocol that can be used to determine a client-server communication model, allowing all clients to perform specific tasks thanks to communications via the internet. Poland’s rural areas that are diversified in terms of economic development are poorly equipped with basic infrastructure, which is a barrier to the functioning of people with limited mobility. 
  • 650
  • 03 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Understanding HII Framework and Related Technologies
The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is currently the most popular industry standard, defining the software interface between an operating system and its underlying platform firmware. HII (Human Interface Infrastructure) is a part of the UEFI specification, which provides a standard framework for managing user interfaces based on UEFI systems. 
  • 650
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Privacy-Preserving Blockchain Technologies
The main characteristics of blockchains, such as security and traceability, have enabled their use in many distinct scenarios, such as the rise of new cryptocurrencies and decentralized applications (dApps). However, part of the information exchanged in the typical blockchain is public, which can lead to privacy issues. To avoid or mitigate these issues, some blockchains are applying mechanisms to deal with data privacy. Trusted execution environments, the basis of confidential computing, and secure multi-party computation are two technologies that can be applied in that sense. 
  • 649
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Windows Service
In Windows NT operating systems, a Windows service is a computer program that operates in the background. It is similar in concept to a Unix daemon. A Windows service must conform to the interface rules and protocols of the Service Control Manager, the component responsible for managing Windows services. It is the Services and Controller app, services.exe, that launches all the services and manages their actions, such as start, end, etc. Windows services can be configured to start when the operating system is started and run in the background as long as Windows is running. Alternatively, they can be started manually or by an event. Windows NT operating systems include numerous services which run in context of three user accounts: System, Network Service and Local Service. These Windows components are often associated with Host Process for Windows Services. Because Windows services operate in the context of their own dedicated user accounts, they can operate when a user is not logged on. Prior to Windows Vista, services installed as an "interactive service" could interact with Windows desktop and show a graphical user interface. In Windows Vista, however, interactive services are deprecated and may not operate properly, as a result of Windows Service hardening.
  • 648
  • 21 Oct 2022
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