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Topic Review
Networked Control System
An NCS consists of control loops joined through communication networks in which both the control signal and the feedback signal are exchanged between the system and the controller.
  • 4.9K
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Edge Couplers
Silicon photonics has drawn increasing attention since recent decades and is promising to act as a key technology for future daily applications due to its various merits including ultra-low cost, high integration density owing to the high refractive index of silicon and compatibility with current semiconductor fabrication process. Optical interconnects is an important issue in silicon photonic integrated circuits to transmit light and fiber-to-chip optical interconnects is vital in application scenarios like data centers and optical transmission systems. There are mainly two categories of fiber-to-chip optical coupling, that is off-plane coupling and in-plane coupling. Grating couplers work under the former category while edge couplers function as in-plane coupling. In this paper, we mainly focus on edge couplers in silicon photonic integrated circuits. We deliver an introduction to the research background, operation mechanism and design principles of silicon photonic edge couplers. The state-of-the-art of edge couplers is reviewed according to different configurations as to the device structure, identifying the performance, fabrication feasibility and applications. In addition, a brief comparison between edge couplers and grating couplers is conducted. Packaging issue is also discussed and several prospective techniques for further improvements of edge couplers are proposed.
  • 4.9K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
New Energy Vehicles in China
This article will talk about the market of new energy vehicles in China and why the government supports it.The stock of new energy vehicles in China is the world's largest, with cumulative sales of 5.5 million units through December 2020. These figures include passenger cars and heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, and only accounts for vehicles manufactured in the country. Of these, there were 4.9 million new energy vehicles in use at the end of 2020, accounting for 1.75% of all vehicles in circulation in China. The Chinese government uses the term new energy vehicles (NEVs) to designate plug-in electric vehicles eligible for public subsidies, and includes only battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). Sales of new energy vehicles since 2011 passed the 500,000 unit milestone in March 2016, and the 1 million mark in early 2017, both, excluding imports. Cumulative sales of new energy passenger cars achieved the 500,000 unit milestone in September 2016, and 1 million by the end of 2017. Domestically produced passenger cars account for 96% of new energy car sales in China. (As of December 2020), China had the largest stock of highway legal plug-in passenger cars with over 4.5 million units, 42% of the global plug-in car fleet in use. China also dominates the plug-in light commercial vehicle and electric bus deployment, with its stock reaching over 500,000 buses in 2019, 98% of the global stock, and 247,500 electric light commercial vehicles, 65% of the global fleet. In addition, the country also leads sales of medium- and heavy duty electric trucks, with over 12,000 trucks sold, and nearly all battery electric. China has been the world's best-selling plug-in electric passenger car market for five years running, from 2015 to 2019, with annual sales rising from more than 207,000 plug-in passenger cars in 2015, to 579,000 in 2017, and just over  million units both in 2018 and 2019. A particular feature of the Chinese passenger plug-in market is the dominance of small entry level vehicles, in 2015 representing 87% of total pure electric car sales, while 96% of total plug-in hybrid car sales were in the compact segment. BYD Auto ended 2015 as the world's best selling manufacturer of highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles, and for a second year running was the world's top selling plug-in car manufacturer with over 100,000 units delivered in 2016. During 2016 BYD became the world's all-time second largest plug-in electric passenger car manufacturer after the Renault-Nissan Alliance. The BYD Qin was the top selling new energy passenger car for two years in a row, 2014 and 2015. The BYD Tang was the best selling plug-in passenger car in 2016. Until December 2016, the Qin ranked as the all-time top selling plug-in electric car in the country with 68,655 units sold since its inception. The BAIC EC-Series all-electric city car was the top selling plug-in car in 2017, and with 78,079 units sold, it also listed as world's top selling plug-in car in 2017. The government's political support for the adoption of electric vehicles has four goals, to create a world-leading industry that would produce jobs and exports; energy security to reduce its oil dependence which comes from the Middle East; to reduce urban air pollution; and to reduce its carbon emissions. In June 2012 the State Council of China published a plan to develop the domestic energy-saving and new energy vehicle industry. The plan set a sales target of 500,000 new energy vehicles by 2015 and 5 million by 2020. As sales of new energy vehicles were slower than expected, in September 2013, the central government introduced a subsidy scheme providing a maximum of US$9,800 toward the purchase of an all-electric passenger vehicle and up to US$81,600 for an electric bus.
  • 4.7K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Crowd Sensing
Crowd sensing (also known as participatory sensing, or mobile crowdsensing) is a means of collecting people’s surrounding information via mobile sensing devices. Its highly expressive and powerful sensing capabilities can carry out a big sensing project by fragmenting tasks into small pieces. The key to success is to get more participants to collect higher quality data. 
  • 4.4K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Flying Ad-Hoc Networks
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, once centric to military applications, are presently finding their way in many civilian and commercial applications. If national legislations permit UAVs to operate autonomously, one will see the skies become populated with many small UAVs, each one performing various tasks such as mail and package delivery, traffic monitoring, event filming, surveillance, search and rescue, and other applications. Thus, advancing to multiple small UAVs from a single large UAV has resulted in a new clan of networks known as flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs). Such networks provide reliability, ease of deployment, and relatively low operating costs by offering a robust communication network among the UAVs and base stations (BS). Although FANETs offer many benefits, there also exist a number of challenges that need to be addressed; the most significant of these being the communication one.
  • 4.4K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Solar Photovoltaic Systems Faults
This entry provides an overview of common Solar PV system faults.
  • 4.3K
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Bias Temperature Instability of MOSFETs
CMOS technology dominates the semiconductor industry, and the reliability of MOSFETs is a key issue. Negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) and positive bias temperature instability (PBTI) mainly degrade the performance of pMOSFETs and nMOSFETs, respectively. 
  • 4.3K
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Autonomous Navigation
Autonomous navigation is a very important area in the huge domain of mobile autonomous vehicles.  Sensor integration is a key concept that is critical to the successful implementation of navigation.  As part of this publication, we review the integration of Laser sensors like LiDAR with vision sensors like cameras.  The past decade, has witnessed a surge in the application of sensor integration as part of smart-autonomous mobility systems. Such systems can be used in various areas of life like safe mobility for the disabled, disinfecting hospitals post Corona virus treatments, driver-less vehicles, sanitizing public areas, smart systems to detect deformation of road surfaces, to name a handful.  These smart systems are dependent on accurate sensor information in order to function optimally. This information may be from a single sensor or a suite of sensors with the same or different modalities. We review various types of sensors, their data, and the need for integration of the data with each other to output the best data for the task at hand, which in this case is autonomous navigation. In order to obtain such accurate data, we need to have optimal technology to read the sensor data, process the data, eliminate or at least reduce the noise and then use the data for the required tasks. We present a survey of the current data processing techniques that implement integration of multimodal data from different types of sensors like LiDAR that use light scan technology, various types of Red Green Blue (RGB) cameras that use optical technology and review the efficiency of using fused data from multiple sensors rather than a single sensor in autonomous navigation tasks like mapping, obstacle detection, and avoidance or localization. This survey will provide sensor information to researchers who intend to accomplish the task of motion control of a robot and detail the use of LiDAR and cameras to accomplish robot navigation
  • 4.2K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Gallium Nitride High-Electron-Mobility Transistor
In recent years, GaN-based devices have been widely used in a variety of application fields. GaN-based high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) are superior to conventional silicon (Si) based devices in terms of switching frequency, power rating, thermal capability and efficiency, which are crucial factors to enhance the performances of advanced power converters. This paper addresses some fundamental issues concerning intrinsic features of GaN material and key technology in practical application of GaN-based power switching devices.
  • 4.2K
  • 30 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Meaning and Determination of Electrode Surface Area
The interfacial contact area between an electronically conducting and an ionically conducting phase is the area where an electrode meets an electrolyte or an electrolyte solution. This area may differ significantly from the geometric, microscopic, real, or true surface area of the electronically conducting solid (the electrode) determined with a variety of experimental methods. This contact area may also differ from the electrochemically active surface area. These different surface or interface areas are relevant in electrochemical energy conversion and storage. They are not necessarily identical; there are even no simple relationships between them. This entry provides an overview of the various terms, briefly describes experimental methods for their determination and puts the data in perspective with respect to electrochemical energy conversion and storage.
  • 4.2K
  • 24 Feb 2023
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