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Topic Review
Autonomous Vehicle Localization
In a vehicle, wheel speed sensors and inertial measurement units (IMUs) are present onboard, and their raw data can be used for localization estimation. Both wheel sensors and IMUs encounter challenges such as bias and measurement noise, which accumulate as errors over time. Even a slight inaccuracy or minor error can render the localization system unreliable and unusable in a matter of seconds. Traditional algorithms, such as the extended Kalman filter (EKF), have been applied for a long time in non-linear systems. These systems have white noise in both the system and in the estimation model. These approaches require deep knowledge of the non-linear noise characteristics of the sensors. On the other hand, as a subset of artificial intelligence (AI), neural network-based (NN) algorithms do not necessarily have these strict requirements.
  • 101
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Available Drinking Water Treatment Technologies
Water is one of the main sources of life’s survival. It is mandatory to have good-quality water, especially for drinking. Many types of available filtration treatment can produce high-quality drinking water. In general, the treatment technologies for treating water depend on the type of raw intake water that comes from various water sources, such as surface water and groundwater. Membrane filtration is an advanced drinking water treatment that is widely used nowadays in water treatment processes, mainly for drinking water. 
  • 707
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
BIM and DfMA
The main goal of this study is to explore the adoption of a design for manufacturing and assembly (DfMA) and building information management (BIM) approach during the whole lifecycle of assets. This approach aims to tackle issues inherent in the design of traditional construction methods, such as low productivity and quality, poor predictability and building performance, and energy use, through the implementation of a BIM library of off-site components. In recent years, a renewed interest has been directed to the attempt to provide solutions to these urgent problems through the adoption of new advancements in technologies. However, while there are studies focussing on a BIM-DfMA approach, there is a lack of research regarding how this approach should be adopted during the whole lifecycle of the assets. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, defining an efficient way of developing a component-based BIM object library has not yet been included in any of the available studies. A mixed methodology approach has been used in this research. A conceptual framework was developed as the result of an extensive literature review to investigate new advancements in the AEC sector.
  • 905
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Blockchain-Based Certificate Authentication for International Food Trade
Maritime transportation plays a critical role for many Arab countries and their food security and has evolved into a complex system that involves a plethora of supply chain stakeholders spread around the globe. This inherent complexity brings huge security challenges, including cargo loss and high burdens in cargo document inspection. The emerging blockchain technology provides a promising tool to build a unified maritime cargo tracking system critical for cargo security. This is because blockchains are a tamper-proof distributed ledger technology that can store and track data in a secure and transparent manner.
  • 175
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Bounding Box Based Perception Modules
Perception modules use raw data streams obtained from sensors mounted on car like camera, radar or lidar devices to recognize and interpret the surroundings. Raw data collected by sensors must be properly interpreted and processed to be understood by computer. This type of analysis is carried out by algorithms supported mainly by many trained neural networks (detectors). Most perception modules based on computer vision systems use bounding boxes to mark the recognized objects in each separate frame of the video stream.
  • 428
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Brain-Inspired Robot Control
Multifunctional control in real time is a critical target in intelligent robotics. Combined with behavioral flexibility, such control enables real-time robot navigation and adaption to complex, often changing environments. Multifunctionality is observed across a wide range of living species and behaviors. As made clear above, even seemingly simple organisms such as invertebrates demonstrate multifunctional control. Living systems rely on the ability to shift from one behavior to another, and to vary a specific behavior for successful action under changing environmental conditions. Truly multifunctional control is a major challenge in robotics. A plausible approach is to develop a methodology that maps multifunctional biological system properties onto simulations to potentiate rapid prototyping and real-time simulation of solutions (control architectures). 
  • 454
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Building Management Systems and Operation
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have become a cornerstone in efficiently managing building energy management systems (BEMSs) as they offer advanced capabilities for prediction, control, and optimization. 
  • 96
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Capacitance-Based Humidity Sensors
Capacitance-based humidity sensors consist of a moisture-absorbing dielectric material placed between a pair of electrodes that form a small capacitance. Most capacitive sensors use plastic or polymers as the dielectric material with typical dielectric constants ranging from 2 to 15.
  • 196
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Challenges in the Field of Autonomous Vehicles
The term autonomous vehicle (AV) has become ubiquitous in our lives, owing to the extensive research and development that frequently make headlines. Nonetheless, the flourishing of AVs hinges on many factors due to the extremely stringent demands for safety, security, and reliability. Besides lingering technical problems, the complexity of the AV infrastructure makes it vulnerable to security and privacy attacks that can endanger the lives of passengers and commuters. Surpassing traditional centralized security systems, blockchain has emerged as the best solution to provide the much-needed security shield to AVs with its data transparency, immutability, and decentralized approach. Therefore, enriching and enmeshing technologies like AI, edge computing, IoT, 5G and Blockchain into a robust system will lead to the realization of our much-yearned AV dream into reality.
  • 337
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Clustering Techniques in Autonomous Driving Applications
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) rely on advanced sensory systems, such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), to function seamlessly in intricate and dynamic environments. LiDAR produces highly accurate 3D point clouds, which are vital for the detection, classification, and tracking of multiple targets.
  • 540
  • 21 Jul 2023
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