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Topic Review
Synergistic Modulation of Transition-Metal-Based Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidation
Efficient electrochemical energy conversion techniques play a crucial role in mitigating energy and environmental challenges by replacing fossil fuels and decarbonizing the power and transportation sectors. Synergistic modulation has been extensively explored to develop highly efficient transition-metal-based electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) because coupling effects among intrinsic activity, conductivity, mass transfer, mass diffusion, and intermediates adsorption can further promote catalytic activity.
  • 177
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Synergies between Shallow Geothermal Energy and DHC Networks
According to the EU Directive 2018/2001, “geothermal energy” means strictly “energy stored in the form of heat beneath the surface of solid earth”. Shallow geothermal energy (SGE) is a specific case where the temperature of the resources is generally under 30 °C (also known as “very-low enthalpy geothermal energy”). The heat exchange with surface-water bodies (sea, lakes, or rivers), ambient air, and sewage water is considered as “ambient energy” in the same document.
  • 561
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Synchrotron X-ray Radiation in Medical Imaging
Synchrotron X-ray radiation (SXR) has been widely studied to explore the structure of matter. Recently, there has been an intense focus on the medical application of SXR in imaging. Synchrotron X-ray radiation source provides many useful features (e.g., high intensity and collimation, a wide range of energy spectrum, option to use monochromator to select narrow beam of the desired energy, etc.). However, because of its high cost, it has still found limited applications in routine clinical and laboratory uses. With the advancement in other disciplines, specifically, the advancement in generating synthetic images from one modality to another modality using deep learning could be adapted to generate SXR images provided that a conventional X-ray image of the object is available. A photon-counting detector (PCD) can further improve the signal-to-noise ratio and soft tissue contrast by detecting scattered photons while using the monochromatic energy provided by the SXR. A combination of the computational advancement of different disciplines with the physical capabilities of the SXR can make high-resolution SXR-based medical imaging affordable and cost-effective, especially for in vivo microstructure and cellular level studies.
  • 566
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Symmetry and Metal Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing (AM) is proving to be a promising new and economical technique for the manufacture of metal parts. This technique basically consists of depositing material in a more or less precise way until a solid is built. This stage of material deposition allows the acquisition of a part with a quasi-final geometry (considered a Near Net Shape process) with a very high raw material utilization rate.
  • 683
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Symmetric Silicon MEMS Gyroscope Mode-Matching Technologies
 The symmetric "micro-electromechanical systems” (MEMS) gyroscope is a typical representative of inertial navigation sensors in recent years. It is different from the traditional mechanical rotor gyroscope in that it structurally discards the high-speed rotor and other moving parts to extend the service life and significantly improve accuracy. The highest accuracy is achieved when the ideal mode-matching state is realized. Due to the processing limitation, this index cannot be achieved, and can be only explored to approach this index continuously.
  • 435
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Symbiotic Radio
The sixth generation (6G) wireless technology aims to achieve global connectivity with environmentally sustainable networks to improve the overall quality of life. The driving force behind these networks is the rapid evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT), which has led to a proliferation of wireless applications across various domains through the massive deployment of IoT devices. Symbiotic radio (SRad) technology is a promising solution that enables cooperative resource-sharing among radio systems through symbiotic relationships.
  • 630
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Switchgear
In an electric power system, switchgear is the combination of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults downstream. This type of equipment is directly linked to the reliability of the electricity supply. The earliest central power stations used simple open knife switches, mounted on insulating panels of marble or asbestos. Power levels and voltages rapidly escalated, making opening manually operated switches too dangerous for anything other than isolation of a de-energized circuit. Oil-filled equipment allowed arc energy to be contained and safely controlled. By the early 20th century, a switchgear line-up would be a metal-enclosed structure with electrically operated switching elements, using oil circuit breakers. Today, oil-filled equipment has largely been replaced by air-blast, vacuum, or SF6 equipment, allowing large currents and power levels to be safely controlled by automatic equipment. High-voltage switchgear was invented at the end of the 19th century for operating motors and other electric machines. The technology has been improved over time and can now be used with voltages up to 1,100 kV. Typically, switchgear in substations are located on both the high- and low-voltage sides of large power transformers. The switchgear on the low-voltage side of the transformers may be located in a building, with medium-voltage circuit breakers for distribution circuits, along with metering, control, and protection equipment. For industrial applications, a transformer and switchgear line-up may be combined in one housing, called a unitized substation (USS).
  • 791
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Switched-Capacitor-Based Converters
An extensive entry of basic concepts and switched capacitor structures employed in the conception of DC-DC converters is presented.
  • 2.2K
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Switched-Biasing Techniques for CMOS VCO
A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is a key component to generate high-speed clock of mixed-mode circuits and local oscillation signals of the frequency conversion in wired and wireless application systems. In particular, the recent evolution of new high-speed wireless systems in the millimeter-wave frequency band calls for the implementation of the VCO with high oscillation frequency and low close-in phase noise. The effect of the flicker noise on the phase noise of the VCO should be minimized because the flicker noise dramatically increases as the deep-submicron complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process is scaled down, and the flicker corner frequency also increases, up to several MHz, in the up-to-date CMOS process. 
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Swarm Robotics
Swarm robotics is a dynamic research field that integrates two important concepts: Swarm Intelligence (SI) and Multi-Robotics System (MRS).
  • 683
  • 02 Jun 2022
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