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Topic Review
Counterfeit Attack Modes in Microelectronics
As the global supply chain grows more intricate and the prevalence of counterfeit components surges, it becomes paramount to verify the authenticity of electrical chips. The infiltration of counterfeit components, potentially finding their way into electronic equipment, raises concerns as workers contend with mounting client demands. Microelectronics are vital to the healthcare and defense industries, making them vulnerable to counterfeit products.
  • 377
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Technological Development of Electric Vehicles and Autonomous Vehicles
Electric vehicles (EVs) are a transport mode that uses an electric motor. That is, EVs are all types of cars that can be powered partly or fully by electricity. The first autonomous vehicles (AVs) concept was introduced by the Detroit-based American carmaker General Motors (Detroit, MI, USA) in 1939. The initial phase of research and development was jointly initiated by General Motors and the Radio Corporation of America Sarnoff Laboratory (New York, NY, USA) in the 1950s.
  • 230
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Power Systems’ Resilience
The article makes an in-depth examination of the previous literature on power systems resilience. Power systems are constructed to withstand stochastic element outage under the N-1 security theory. However, several natural disasters have caused extraordinary challenges to power systems due to climate change, emphasising the position that power systems are unprepared for extreme events of large scale and severity level.
  • 247
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Optimizing Energy Consumption in UAV-Assisted IoT Networks
Quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as ubiquitous and agile robots and data carriers within the framework of the future Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile wireless networks. Yet, the insufficient onboard battery necessitates the optimization of energy consumption for both the UAV and IoT devices while ensuring that communication requirements are met.
  • 139
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Heat Pipe Type Applied in the Air-Conditioning System
An air-conditioning system (ACS), which consumes large amounts of high-grade energy, is essential for maintaining the indoor thermal environment of modern buildings. However, an ACS consumes almost half of the total energy of the building. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the energy consumption of the ACS to promote energy conservation and emission reduction in the building sector. In fact, there is an abundance of waste heat and low-grade energies with the potential to be utilized in ACS in nature, but many of them are not utilized efficiently or cannot be utilized at all due to the low efficiency of thermal energy conversion. Known as a passive thermal transfer device, the application of a heat pipe (HP) in the ACS has shown explosive growth in recent years. HPs have been demonstrated to be an effective method for reducing building cooling and heating demands and energy consumption in ACS with experimental and simulation methods. 
  • 195
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Impacts of Prefabrication in the Building Construction Industry
Interest in sustainable construction has been increasing due to recent events. The limitations of natural resources and the scale of global impacts, specifically as a result of the effects of global climate change, have consequences for the construction sector. These changes are giving rise to a need to reassess the way we face the built environment and rethink new solutions for construction systems or methods that contribute to mitigating negative consequences, among which we highlight the prefabrication method. This new scenario, characterised by the need to meet the decarbonisation goals set for 2050, as well as the effects of the spread of the pandemic crisis, emphasizes the importance of understanding the impacts that may occur in the construction industry, which are essentially understood as increases in sustainability, productivity, quality and, consequently, as reductions in deadlines, costs, and dependence on labour. Therefore, this entry seeks to study on the existing literature on prefabrication, seeking to gather relevant information on the new advances, challenges, and opportunities of this construction method whose approach has been mostly focused on partial or specific aspects for case studies, both highlighting the potential and identifying the gaps and opportunities of prefabrication in this new context. The prefabrication method brings benefits compared to the conventional method, and may be an alternative, as it has more positive global impacts on the environment, the economy, and society, and consequently on the sustainable development of construction, despite some limitations that have been reported and that should be looked into in the future.
  • 1.8K
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Emotion Recognition Systems
Emotion recognition systems (ERS) are an emerging technology with immense potential, exemplifying the innovative utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) within the context of the fourth industrial revolution (IR 4.0). Given that personalization is a key feature of the fifth industrial revolution (IR 5.0), ERS has the potential to serve as an enabler for IR 5.0. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the relevance of this technology as work processes were adapted for social distancing and the use of face masks. Even in the post-pandemic era, many individuals continue to wear face masks. Therefore, ERS offers a technological solution to address communication challenges in a masked world. The existing body of knowledge on ERS primarily focuses on exploring modalities or modes for emotion recognition, system development, and the creation of applications utilizing emotion recognition functions.
  • 214
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Flexible Ethernet and Network Traffic Prediction
With the continuous emergence of the concept of 6G, the rapid development of industrial application scenarios, and the rise in demand for dedicated line services, there has been a strong and diverse demand for network capacity. The introduction of fine-granularity FlexE technology provides a new approach to addressing the diversification of Quality of Service (QoS) and the resource waste caused by large granularity (5 Gbps). 
  • 313
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Short-Term Electricity Demand Forecasting
Electricity demand forecasting plays a significant role in energy markets. Accurate prediction of electricity demand is the key factor in optimizing power generation and consumption, saving energy resources, and determining energy prices. Integrating energy mix scenarios, including solar and wind power, which are highly nonlinear and seasonal, into an existing grid increases the uncertainty of generation, creating additional challenges for precise forecasting. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based deep learning models can effectively handle the information of long time-series data. Based on patterns identified in datasets, various scenarios can be developed.
  • 237
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Path Optimization for a Surveillance Robot
The need for safety in both outdoor and indoor environments has led to growth in the development of mobile robots with the ability to explore surfaces. Surveillance robots are used to monitor the behavior, activities, and other changing information for the general purpose of managing, directing, or protecting one’s assets or position. In order to design a procedure capable of improving the quality of these tasks beyond human capabilities, it is imperative to address all the challenges that this implies. Specifically, within the scope of trajectory optimization, efficient route planning for autonomous vehicles is essential to minimize labor time while providing comprehensive spatial surveillance in the most efficient way possible.
  • 196
  • 14 Nov 2023
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