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Topic Review
Tobacco Products
Tobacco is the agricultural product of the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. All species of Nicotiana contain the addictive drug nicotine—a stimulant and sedative contained in all parts of the plants except the seeds—which occurs in varying amounts depending on the species and variety cultivated. See types of tobacco and curing of tobacco for more information. The vast majority of commercially available tobacco is derived from the species Nicotiana tabacum, although it is also produced from Nicotiana alata, and to a lesser extent Nicotiana clevelandii, Nicotiana longiflora, and Nicotiana rustica, among others. N. rustica in particular contains much more nicotine than N. tabacum and other species of Nicotiana, and forms the basis of a number of unique tobacco products, including several preparations used in Latin American shamanic ceremonies. Once tobacco has been grown, harvested, cured, and processed, it is used to produce a number of different products. These are most often consumable; however, tobacco and the nicotine derived from it are also used to create pesticides. Tobacco products can generally be divided into two types: smoked tobacco (see tobacco smoking) and smokeless tobacco. An expert in tobacco and tobacco products — especially pipes, pipe tobacco, and cigars—including their procurement and sale, is called a tobacconist. The health effects of tobacco consumption are discussed in health effects of tobacco.
  • 2.7K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
To Solve Scheduling Problems to Minimize Carbon Footprint
Effective scheduling is an important method proposed by some shop floor engineers and operational analysts to minimize carbon emissions. Scheduling always has a key role in the manufacturing environment and operations management. There is a direct link between the energy consumption of a manufacturing facility and its environmental impact, which is mostly analyzed as a carbon footprint.
  • 128
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
To Achieve Goal Alignment by Inter-Organizational Incentives
Commonly recognized as an effective management technique, the use of incentives plays a vital role in the successful application of these approaches.
  • 209
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
TMCrack-Net
The detection of crack information is very important in mural conservation. In practice, the number of ancient murals is scarce, and the difficulty of collecting digital information about murals leads to minimal data being collected. Crack information appears in pictures of paintings, which resembles painting traces and is easy to misidentify. However, the current mainstream semantic segmentation networks directly use the features of the backbone network for prediction, which do not fully use the features at different scales and ignore the differences between the decoder and encoder features. A new U-shaped convolutional neural network with feature pyramids and a transformer called TMCrack-net is proposed.
  • 469
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
TLS Survey for Heritage Building Information Modeling
Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) is an essential technology for heritage documentation, conservation, and management. It enables people to understand, archive, advertise, and virtually reconstruct their built heritage. Creating highly accurate HBIM models requires the use of several reality capture tools, such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), photogrammetry, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), etc. 
  • 376
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Tiva-C LaunchPad
The Tiva-C (a.k.a. TM4C) LaunchPads are inexpensive self-contained, single-board microcontrollers, about the size of a credit card, featuring an ARM Cortex-M4F 32-bit CPU operating at 80 to 120 MHz, manufactured by Texas Instruments. The TM4C Series TM4C123G LaunchPad is an upgrade from TI's Stellaris LaunchPad adding support options for motion control PWMs and USB Host functionality. The more recently released TM4C1294 Connected LaunchPad is the first cloud-connected offering in TI's LaunchPad ecosystem and provides a solid foundation for beginning and evaluating embedded IoT designs. There are many I/O pins (40 to 80 depending upon version) that have multi-personality. This means that they can be easily configured as digital inputs or outputs, analog inputs and outputs or other functions, allowing a great variety of applications, are just the multiple serial ports have the ability to interface with more items such as test cards or other communication modules, etc. Among those pins there are included the GND and POWER (3.3 V) pins. The clock is 80 or 120 MHz (vers based), which makes them 5 to over 7 times faster than the Arduino Uno's 16 MHz ATmega328P microcontroller. As with any Cortex M4, the CPU has some DSP (digital signal processor) instructions, with some limitations. One can do signal processing, for example, sampling a human voice with a good quality, able to be processed in MATLAB. The CPU contains the optional floating-point unit with single-precision floating point operations supported. They have an additional USB port which can act as USB host, allowing the connection of multiple devices and the "Connected" one has an integrated 10/100 Ethernet MAC+PHY for Internet connectivity. They also have a temperature sensor and on-board LED(s) and RGB LED(s), which allows you to generate various colors by combining the three basic colors (red, blue and green) of the additive color synthesis. The Tiva/TM4C LaunchPads come preloaded with software to demonstrate many of the capabilities of the ARM microcontroller and with a quickstart application to get up and running within minutes.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Titanium porous bone regeneration scaffold
Additive manufacturing facilitates the design of porous metal implants with detailed internal architecture. A rationally designed porous structure can provide to biocompatible titanium alloys biomimetic mechanical and biological properties for bone regeneration. However, increased porosity results in decreased material strength. The porosity and pore sizes that are ideal for porous implants are still controversial in the literature, complicating the justification of a design decision. Recently, metallic porous biomaterials have been proposed for load-bearing applications beyond surface coatings. This recent science lacks standards, but the Quality by Design (QbD) system can assist the design process in a systematic way.
  • 728
  • 17 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Titanium in Civil Engineering
Titanium has exceptional durability, very high specific strength, a thermal expansion coefficient similar to construction materials, low weight density, and its cost has drastically decreased over the last decades. One of the main requirements in conservation engineering is the durability of the retrofit materials and the reversibility of interventions, and a possible interesting solution is the use of titanium alloys coupled with inorganic matrices made of low-cement or lime mortars. Titanium has recently been used to reinforce important masonry and archeological monuments, but little is known about this. Its use is increasing in conservation engineering without adequate knowledge of its characteristics, grades, and properties.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Titanium Aluminides
Titanium aluminides (TiAl) have the potential of substituting nickel-based superalloys (NBSAs) in the aerospace industries owing to their lightweight, good mechanical and oxidation properties. Functional simplicity, control of sintering parameters, exceptional sintering speeds, high reproducibility, consistency and safety are the main benefits of spark plasma sintering (SPS) over conventional methods. Though TiAl exhibit excellent high temperature properties, SPS has been employed to improve on the poor ductility at room temperature. Powder metallurgical processing techniques used to promote the formation of refined, homogeneous and contaminant-free structures, favouring improvements in ductility and other properties are discussed. This article further reviews published work on phase constituents, microstructures, alloy developments and mechanical properties of TiAl alloys produced by SPS. Finally, an overview of challenges in as far as the implementation of TiAl in industries of interest are highlighted.
  • 1.9K
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Tissue-Engineered Cardiac Scaffolds
Heart failure is the leading cause of death in the US and worldwide. Despite modern therapy, challenges remain to rescue the damaged organ that contains cells with a very low proliferation rate after birth. Developments in tissue engineering and regeneration offer new tools to investigate the pathology of cardiac diseases and develop therapeutic strategies for heart failure patients. Tissue -engineered cardiac scaffolds should be designed to provide structural, biochemical, mechanical, and/or electrical properties similar to native myocardium tissues.
  • 119
  • 11 Sep 2023
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