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Topic Review
Ammonia and Hydrogen Energy Utilization in Road Transportation
The crisscross progress of transportation and energy carries the migrating track of human society development and the evolution of civilization, among which the decarbonization strategy is a key issue. Traffic carbon emissions account for 16.2% of total energy carbon emissions, while road traffic carbon emissions account for 11.8% of total energy carbon emissions. Therefore, road traffic is a vital battlefield in attaining the goal of decarbonization. Employing clean energy as an alternative fuel is of great significance to the transformation of the energy consumption structure in road transportation. Hydrogen and ammonia are renewable energy with the characteristics of being widely distributed and clean. Both exist naturally in nature, and the products of complete combustion are substances (water and nitrogen) that do not pollute the atmosphere. Because it can promote agricultural production, ammonia has a long history in human society. Both have the potential to replace traditional fossil fuel energy. 
  • 470
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Ammonia Fuel Cells
Ammonia use in maritime applications is considered promising, due to its high energy density, low flammability, easy storage and low production cost. Moreover, ammonia can be used as fuel in a variety of propulsors such as fuel cells and can be produced from renewable sources. 
  • 777
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ammonia in Various Technologies
Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel with promising applications as either a direct or indirect hydrogen carrier. Ammonia can play an important role in the decarbonization of the shipping industry, at least for deep sea routes. The key barriers to using green ammonia as an alternative fuel in maritime industry. are: (1) High production costs, due to the high capital costs associated with ammonia’s supply chain; (2) availability, specifically the limited geographical locations available for ammonia bunkering; (3) the challenge of ramping up current ammonia production; and (4) the development of ammonia-specific regulations addressing issues such as toxicity, safety, and storage. These issues are further discussed in this topic review.
  • 656
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ammonia Inhibition
Anaerobic digestion is one of the most widely used treatment methods for animal manure. Chicken manure has high methane production potential and is thus a suitable substrate for biogas plants.
  • 417
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Ammonia Production
Ammonia is the second-largest global chemical products, utilized as agricultural fertilizer, food production, industrial materials, refrigerants, and additives. Recently, the utilization of ammonia as the energy carrier (secondary energy source) has attracted many interests, due to its high volumetric hydrogen density, low storage pressure, high stability for long-term storage, high auto-ignition temperature, low condensation pressure, and lower gas density than air. in general, ammonia production includes the currently adopted thermochemical (Haber–Bosch), electrochemical, and photochemical cycle processes. 
  • 59.6K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Ammonia Production Plants
Ammonia (NH3) is a fundamental manufacturing component and the cheapest compound combining nitrogen with raw elements, utilized in more than 76% of all nitrogen-based products. 
  • 378
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Ammonia: a Renewable Energy Carrier
Ammonia is among the most commonly shipped bulk-produced chemicals, marketed for more than a decade in mass all over the globe. Originally used in the chemical industries and as an intermediate for the production of fertilisers, ammonia has also been explored recently as a hydrogen storage media and a substitute fuel for hydrocarbon. Unlike the conventional ammonia production process that used natural gas as a feedstock and is responsible for carbon emission, ammonia is a means of renewable energy storage formulated from hydrogen generated by an electrically driven electrolyser and nitrogen separate from the atmospheric air.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Amperometric Biosensors
Amperometric biosensors utilizing oxidoreductases were classified into three generations: 1st generation biosensors employing oxidases based on the electrocatalytic monitoring of substrate consumption or product formation, 2nd generation biosensors employing oxidases or dehydrogenases based on the electrocatalytic recycling of suitable redox mediators, and 3rd generation biosensors employing oxidoreductases capable of direct electron transfer to bare or modified electrodes.
  • 3.9K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
An Algorithm for Personalizing SSVEP-Based Brain-Computer Interfaces
Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) based on steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) are inexpensive and do not require user training. Researchers herein describe how the light frequency could be selected individually. In particular, this is done via the proposed discomfort index, determined by the ratio of theta and beta rhythms in the EEG signal.
  • 159
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
An Event-Based Signal Controller
Developing appropriate signal timing strategies is a primary concern in traffic signal control; however, professionals are constrained by predefined controller options. Existing signal controllers in North America adhere to National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards with ring-barrier control (RBC) design.
  • 170
  • 28 Feb 2024
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