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Topic Review
Fabrication of Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer Membrane
Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) was first commercialized by DuPont in 1974. Its unique chemical structure gives it high heat resistance, mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance. But also due to these properties, it is difficult to prepare a membrane from it by the nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) method.
  • 192
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Fabrication of Nanobottle Motor
Micro/nano-motors play an important role in energy, environment, and biomedicines. Nanobottles attract great attention due to their distinct advantages of a large cavity, high specific surface area, bionic streamline structure, and chemotactic motion. 
  • 470
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fabrication of Nanoporous Anodic Alumina 
The fabrication of a thick oxide layer onto an aluminum surface via anodization has been a subject of intense research activity for more than a century, largely due to protective and decorative applications. The capability to create well-defined pores via a cost-effective electrochemical oxidation technique onto the surface has made a major renaissance in the field, as the porous surfaces exhibit remarkably different properties compared to a bulk oxide layer. Amongst the various nanoporous structures being investigated, nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) with well-organized and highly ordered hexagonal honeycomb-like pores has emerged as the most popular nanomaterial due to its wide range of applications, ranging from corrosion resistance to bacterial repelling surfaces.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Fabrication Techniques of Perovskite Solar Cells
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are gaining popularity due to their high efficiency and low-cost fabrication. Researchers are exploring new materials and fabrication techniques to enhance the performance of PSCs under various environmental conditions. The mechanical stability of flexible PSCs is another area of research that has gained significant attention. 
  • 346
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Fabrication Techniques Using Myco-Materials
Within Euro-centric traditions of architecture, the significance of a building is often tied to its permanence. The Pantheon in Rome, for example, is a nearly 2000-year-old cementitious dome structure, whose resilience to time elevates it to a monumental status. Notwithstanding the significance of cultural and economic factors associated with the need for permanent buildings and structures, there is a doubt on whether all buildings should be assembled with the goal of being permanent. Globally, the lifespans of buildings are rapidly decreasing. The average lifespan of buildings in China was reported to be 34 years, and 25 years for residential buildings in Japan. To great detriment, buildings are more than ever being demolished prematurely and yet, use materials that are manufactured with energy-intensive processes and are expensive or impractical to recycle. In the United States alone, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported there was 600 million tons of construction and demolition waste generated in 2018. Structural materials, including wood, and architectural metals, such as steel, copper, and brass, are valuable commodities that can be reused and recycled. However, in present-day architectural assemblies, these materials nearly ubiquitously inter-face with expanded foams, plastics, and resins, sometimes in irreversible composites. For example, wood is widely treated with synthetic resins and glues to increase its resistance to decay or structural performance.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Façade Defects and Inspection Practices
The increasing number of accidents arising from falling objects from the façade of tall buildings has attracted much attention globally. To regulators, a preventive approach based on a mandatory periodic façade inspection has been deemed as a necessary measure to maintain the functionality and integrity of the façade of tall buildings.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Facial Expression Recognition
Facial expression recognition (FER) is a challenging problem in the fields of pattern recognition and computer vision. The recent success of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in object detection and object segmentation tasks has shown promise in building an automatic deep CNN-based FER model. However, in real-world scenarios, performance degrades dramatically owing to the great diversity of factors unrelated to facial expressions, and due to a lack of training data plus an intrinsic imbalance in the existing facial emotion datasets. To tackle these problems, this paper not only applies deep transfer learning techniques but also proposes a novel loss function called weighted-cluster loss, which is used during the fine-tuning phase. Specifically, the weighted-cluster loss function simultaneously improves the intra-class compactness and the inter-class separability by learning a class center for each emotion class. It also takes the imbalance in a facial expression dataset into account by giving each emotion class a weight based on its proportion of the total number of images. In addition, a recent, successful deep CNN architecture, pre-trained in the task of face identification with the VGGFace2 database from the Visual Geometry Group at Oxford University, is employed and fine-tuned using the proposed loss function to recognize eight basic facial emotions from the AffectNet database of facial expression, valence, and arousal computing in the wild. Experiments on an AffectNet real-world facial dataset demonstrate that our method outperforms the baseline CNN models that use either weighted-softmax loss or center loss.
  • 942
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Facial Recognition Method Based on Thin-Film Solar Cells
When the face of a user is illuminated by LED lights on the left and right sides of the system and the reflected light enters the cells at the corresponding positions, differences in facial skin colors and 3D contours lead to different output voltages and currents of the thin-film solar cells. This is the basis of facial feature identification.
  • 440
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Adoption of Wearable and Soft Robotics
The advent of soft robotics has changed the landscape of wearable technologies. Soft robots are highly compliant and malleable, thus ensuring safe human-machine interactions. A wide variety of actuation mechanisms have been studied and adopted into a multitude of soft wearables for use in clinical practice, such as assistive devices and rehabilitation modalities. Much research effort has been put into improving their technical performance and establishing the ideal indications for which rigid exoskeletons would play a limited role.
  • 335
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Carbonate Crystallization in EICP Treatment
Urea hydrolysis involves the breakdown of urea in water. The result of this reaction forms calcite in the presence of a calcium source. The reaction can be 10 to the power of 14 times faster than the chemical (un-catalysed) urea hydrolysis in the presence of a catalyst (urease enzyme). The improvement in EICP treatment is based on the precipitation of calcium carbonate within the treated soil matrix. It is thus important to shed light on the crystallographic patterns, such as size, shape, and distribution of precipitates since they play a significant role in defining the mechanical properties of EICP bio-cemented soils. The main factors that affect crystallization are the temperature, urease activity, pH level of the cementing solution, and concentration of cementation solution. These factors are discussed in some detail below.
  • 535
  • 24 Jan 2022
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