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Topic Review
Open-Cathode PEM Fuel Cells
Fuel cells were first introduced in aircraft as auxiliary power units; however, in recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using fuel cells, batteries, and, sometimes, supercapacitors for the electric propulsion of small aerial vehicles. Open cathode fuel cells are characterized by a light and simple balance of plant but the control of temperature is quite critical under variable conditions of load and altitude, typical of the aerospace application.
  • 250
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pyrometallurgical Processes
The EU steel industry accounts for a crude steel production of 140 Mt/y, provided by the integrated (57%) and electric (43%) routes, which respectively require up to 6.0 and 0.6 MWh/tCrudeSteel of energy input, and emits on average 1.85 and 0.4 tCO2/tCrudeSteel. The mitigation of such CO2 emissions is crucial, and would involve the direct avoidance of carbon, improvement of energy efficiency, and carbon capture. However, the environmental burden of the steel industry cannot be limited to this, given the very large amount (approximately 5 Mt) of residues landfilled every year in the EU. This practice cannot be sustained anymore, since it represents a detrimental waste of resources and burden to the environment. These aspects require prompt action to meet the Green Deal goals envisioned for 2030. 
  • 366
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Fabrication Techniques of Perovskite Solar Cells
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are gaining popularity due to their high efficiency and low-cost fabrication. Researchers are exploring new materials and fabrication techniques to enhance the performance of PSCs under various environmental conditions. The mechanical stability of flexible PSCs is another area of research that has gained significant attention. 
  • 249
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Dynamic Capabilities for Environmental Sustainability and Economic Sustainability
Economic growth and technological progress, while driving societal advancements, have also contributed to challenges such as inefficient resource utilization, social inequality, climate change, and unsustainable production. Given the dynamism of internal and external environments, the dynamic capabilities theory arises to enhance the understanding of strategic actions, particularly those aimed at gaining a competitive advantage. These capabilities are specific capabilities that contribute to both the company and market evolution through the integration of knowledge, both internal and external to the company.
  • 145
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Economic Prospects of  Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
The economic implications of public transportation powered by hydrogen fuel cell has been investigated. Due to the long working period and the high number of daily driven kilometers, the public transportation sector, especially the taxis sector, is considered one of the leading contributors to the energy and environmental problems related to transportation sector. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate the expected implications and feasibility of using hydrogen fuel cell technology as a new alternative in taxi fleets.
  • 150
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Control Algorithms of Agriculture Autonomous All-Terrain Vehicles
This review paper discusses the development trends of agricultural autonomous all-terrain vehicles (AATVs) from four cornerstones, such as (1) control strategy and algorithms, (2) sensors, (3) data communication tools and systems, and (4) controllers and actuators, based on 221 papers published in peer-reviewed journals for 1960–2023. The paper highlights a comparative analysis of commonly employed control methods and algorithms by highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. It gives comparative analyses of sensors, data communication tools, actuators, and hardware-embedded controllers. In recent years, many novel developments in AATVs have been made due to advancements in wireless and remote communication, high-speed data processors, sensors, computer vision, and broader applications of AI tools. Technical advancements in fully autonomous control of AATVs remain limited, requiring research into accurate estimation of terrain mechanics, identifying uncertainties, and making fast and accurate decisions, as well as utilizing wireless communication and edge cloud computing. Furthermore, most of the developments are at the research level and have many practical limitations due to terrain and weather conditions.  
  • 104
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Industry 5.0 Concepts
Although the concept of Industry 5.0 is relatively new, companies from developed countries that have a high level of implementation of Industry 4.0 have already started the transition to Industry 5.0. Even though Industry 5.0 enables developing countries to become a part of developed countries’ value chains, it is not known which path to Industry 5.0 developing countries are taking. 
  • 156
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Hydrogen Electrolyzer
Hydrogen energy is regarded as an ideal solution for addressing climate change issues and an indispensable part of future integrated energy systems. The electrolyzer (EL) is the key equipment and is the interface between electrical energy and hydrogen energy in the water electrolysis (WE) process.
  • 216
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Spatial Knowledge Acquisition in Large-Scale Environments
The research emphasizes the critical role of spatial cognition in understanding urban travel behaviors. It discusses how individuals' spatial experiences and cognitive maps shape their perception and interaction with their surroundings, influencing navigation, route planning, and travel decisions. The emergence of small electric vehicles (SEVs) is highlighted as a sustainable urban transport option, necessitating an understanding of spatial cognition for effective integration. Affordance and spatial learning stages are explored, elucidating how the physical environment and individual experiences contribute to spatial knowledge acquisition. The research explores the relationship between spatial experience and travel attitudes, emphasizing the influence of the cognitive built environment on travel motivations. It discusses the importance of spatial knowledge in trip planning and activity-travel patterns, especially in the context of SEVs and their constraints. Various techniques for investigating cognitive maps are reviewed, underscoring the significance of understanding spatial cognition for improving transportation modeling and enhancing urban mobility. Overall, the research provides a comprehensive overview of spatial cognition's impact on travel behaviors and its implications for urban transport planning.
  • 183
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Laminar Jamming and Their Applications in Robotics
Robots with variable stiffness links are an emerging paradigm in robotics and have captured the interest of the scientific community in fields such as soft robotics and medical devices. Laminar jamming (LJ) is a promising technology for facilitating variable stiffness in robotics.
  • 147
  • 21 Feb 2024
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