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Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing Processes
Additive manufacturing (AM, 3D printing) is used in many fields and different industries. In the medical and dental field, every patient is unique and, therefore, AM has significant potential in personalized and customized solutions. This text explores what additive manufacturing processes and materials are utilized in medical and dental applications, especially focusing on processes that are less commonly used. The processes are categorized in ISO/ASTM process classes: powder bed fusion, material extrusion, VAT photopolymerization, material jetting, binder jetting, sheet lamination and directed energy deposition combined with classification of medical applications of AM. Based on the findings, it seems that directed energy deposition is utilized rarely only in implants and sheet lamination rarely for medical models or phantoms. Powder bed fusion, material extrusion and VAT photopolymerization are utilized in all categories. Material jetting is not used for implants and biomanufacturing, and binder jetting is not utilized for tools, instruments and parts for medical devices. The most common materials are thermoplastics, photopolymers and metals such as titanium alloys. If standard terminology of AM would be followed, this would allow a more systematic review of the utilization of different AM processes.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing Technology for Metal Mirrors
With the rapid growth of space optics and aerospace technology, the applications of reflective optical systems are increasing year by year. A case in point is that off-axis three-mirror-anastigmat (TMA) systems have been widely used due to their unique advantages of large aperture and no central occlusion. Meanwhile, the growing requirements for optical systems’ performance, such as resolution and imaging quality, drive the development of focal length and aperture to larger sizes. In turn, the weight, surface accuracy, manufacturing time, and mirror cost are progressively demanding. In recent years, the lightweight space camera used for remote sensing with high resolution has become a global research hotspot in advanced optics.
  • 684
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing Technology for Spare Parts Application
Spare parts management is an important part of many capital-intensive businesses, which have a direct impact on the availability of high-value capital assets. Lifecycles of advanced capital goods usually last many years, and more than 60% of their costs are related to management. Spare parts management of such goods is important because the downtime of the equipment for the lack of spare parts can cause a significant loss to the company.
  • 600
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing Technology in Railway Infrastructure Systems
Additive manufacturing technologies, well known as three-dimensional printing (3DP) technologies, have been applied in many industrial fields, including aerospace, automobiles, shipbuilding, civil engineering and nuclear power. However, despite the high material utilization and the ability to rapidly construct complex shaped structures of 3D printing technologies, the application of additive manufacturing technologies in railway track infrastructure is still at the exploratory stage. 
  • 1.9K
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing to Reproduce Atherosclerotic Blood Vessels
Physical biomodels mimicking atherosclerotic blood vessels could be an interesting tool to be applied in personalized surgical planning and even for surgeons' trainning. In this context, additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as 3D printing, has attracted significant attention due to the potential to fabricate biomodels rapidly. However, the production of such models first requires a consensual and definitive evaluation of the mechanical properties of healthy and atherosclerotic blood vessels, to acuuratey select the adequate "printable" materials. 
  • 466
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Additively Manufactured Polylactic Acid in Dentistry
Additive manufacturing (AM), which is also called rapid prototyping/3D printing/layered manufacturing, can be considered as a rapid conversion between digital and physical models. One of the most used materials in AM is polylactic acid (PLA), which has advantageous material properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxicity. For many medical applications, it is considered as a leading biomaterial. In dentistry, in addition to its uses in dental models (education, teaching, simulation needs), it can be used for therapeutic objectives and tissue engineering.
  • 571
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Additively Manufactured Polymeric Metamaterials
Metamaterials are architected cellular materials, also known as lattice materials, that are inspired by nature or human engineering intuition and provide multifunctional attributes that cannot be achieved by conventional polymeric materials and composites. There has been an increasing interest in the design, fabrication, and testing of polymeric metamaterials due to the recent advances in digital design methods, additive manufacturing techniques, and machine learning algorithms. 
  • 439
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Additives to immobilize Heavy Metals
This experimental work assessed the efficiency of different additives (MWCNTs, montmorillonite and Portland cement) to immobilize the heavy metals lead, cooper, nickel and zinc in a soil in conditions similar to a real case scenario (percolation tests).  
  • 577
  • 12 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Additives Used in Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion involves the degradation of a biodegradable substance, such as sewage sludge by anaerobic microorganisms in an oxygen-free system.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Addressing, Assessing and Improving Water Security
Water security is about managing too much, too little and/or too polluted water. Water security is about the increasing importance of sustainable management of water resources, drinking water and human well-being and protection of life and property from water-related disasters. Water security is about the health of ecosystems and economic development.  A groundwork of this broad and multi-faceted concept is presented to facilitate understanding, measuring and improving water security. 
  • 1.8K
  • 25 Jan 2022
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