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Topic Review
Cutting Forces
Monitoring tool-behavior is of utmost importance regarding the machining process’s productivity and costs. The machining tool performance can be assessed in several different ways, such as evaluating the machined material’s surface roughness, or by analyzing the cutting forces that are developed during the process. The force assessment is achieved by employing cutting force prediction methods or by measuring the cutting forces by using dynamometers or other sensor systems. Thus, it is crucial to know the various advantages and drawbacks of each of the different techniques for this matter.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
CuxO Nanostructure-Based Gas Sensors
H2S gas is a toxic and hazardous byproduct of the oil and gas industries. It paralyzes the olfactory nerves, with concentrations above 100 ppm, resulting in loss of smell; prolonged inhalation may even cause death. One of the most important semiconducting metal oxides for the detection of H2S is CuxO (x = 1, 2), which is converted to CuxS upon exposure to H2S, leading to a remarkable modulation in the resistance and appearance of an electrical sensing signal.
  • 561
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
CWMFC
CWMFC is a novel technology that has been used for almost a decade for concurrent wastewater treatment and electricity generation in varying scopes of domestic, municipal, and industrial applications since its implementation in 2012. Its advantage of low-cost enhanced wastewater treatment and sustainable bioelectricity generation has gained considerable attention. Nevertheless, the overall efficiency of this novel technology is inclined by several operating factors and configuration strands, such as pH, sewage composition, organic loading, electrode material, filter media, electrogens, hydraulic retention time, and macrophytes. Here, we investigate the effect of the wetland plant component on the overall performance of CWMFCs. The macrophyte’s involvement in the oxygen input, nutrient uptake, and direct degradation of pollutants for the required treatment effect and bioelectricity production are discussed in more detail. The review identifies and compares planted and unplanted CWMFC with their efficiency on COD removal and electricity generation based on previous and recent studies.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cyber Mimic Defense
From the inspiration of defensive guise behaviors based on mimic phenomenon in biology, Cyber Mimic Defense (CMD) introduces the mechanism of dynamic multi-dimensional reconfiguration into a dissimilar redundancy structure (DRS) which is widely used in the field of reliability. It addresses certain or uncertain threats in cyberspace by the principle of uncertain defense, and provides the strategic varieties and transformations of DRS elements inside objects in quantity or type, time or space dimension under the condition of unchanged visual functions. It provides a generally innovative defense theory and method to deal with the “known unknown risk” and “unknown unknown risk” which exist in related application levels of different areas of cyberspace and are based on unknown vulnerabilities, backdoors, viruses, Trojans, etc. This method can provide not only endogenous security gains which are independent of traditional security means and achieved via integrated structural technologies for critical infrastructures or key information equipment, but also resilient or restorable service ability with intensive attributes inherited from the architecture. Further it acquires super nonlinear effects combining mature defense technologies. It's aimed at creating a non-closed, self-controlled and sustainable-developed ecological environment which adapts to globalization technologies and industrial development models and integrates with win-win cooperation and open sources.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cyber Secure Smart Inverters
The technological advancements in the smart inverter technology were handled, comprehensively keeping the distribution level end user in mind. Since the smart inverter constitutes the most significant aspect of power conversion, control and regulation and acts as the interface between the utility and consumer, the vulnerabilities of the same when subjected to cyber attacks are highlighted in detail. Communication also forms a vital aspect as it is bi-directional (between the utility and consumer and vice-versa) in a smart grid platform. Therefore, the different standards of communication and rules along with the co-ordination aspects are elucidated in detail. The topological configuration of smart inverters under wired and wireless topologies are also handled, to give a better understanding with respect to the choice and selection of the same, keeping the end-user perspective in mind. Security being the key area of concern, the different types of cyber attacks that are prevalent and can be detected and identified is explained in detail. In addition, the role of the synchrophasor technology in state estimation, monitoring and detection of faults is demonstrated. Considering, the solar PV-based DER as an end-use application, the importance of newer technologies related to IoT and block chain with respect to the cyber security aspects of the smart grid is brought forth. This domain is of continuing importance and concern and still has several challenges to overcome. Keeping this in mind, the existing gaps and future directions are also presented.
  • 675
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cyber–Physical System
Seeking to meet the need for the integration of new sources of energy, the entry and integration of new technologies into the grid, global concerns about the environment, diversification of the energy matrix, and the growing consumption of energy, the electrical system is in the process of modernizing its operation, planning, maintenance, communication, management, and control. Therefore, the power system is gradually transforming into SGs, and consequently, the vulnerabilities of this new system become the target of cyberattacks.
  • 615
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cyber–Physical Systems Forensics
Cyber–Physical Systems (CPS) connect the physical world (systems, environments, and humans) with the cyber world (software, data, etc.) to intelligently enhance the operational environment they serve. CPS are distributed software and hardware components embedded in the physical world and possibly attached to humans. CPS are vulnerable to security risks, which requires incorporating appropriate forensics measures in the design and operations of these systems.
  • 540
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cybersecurity in Microgrids
The demand for clean and sustainable energy sources is increasing at a rapid pace, and microgrids (MGs) have emerged as a promising solution for achieving energy resilience, efficiency, and security. As a general definition, a microgrid is a localized power system that integrates renewable energy resources, energy storage systems, and loads to operate autonomously or in parallel with the main grid. As MGs continue to grow in popularity as a means of providing reliable and sustainable energy to communities and businesses, the issue of cybersecurity becomes increasingly important. With the use of digital technology and communication systems, MGs are vulnerable to cyberattacks that can compromise their operation and even cause physical damage. 
  • 594
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cybersecurity in the Maritime Sector
Global maritime sector is increasingly reliant on digitalisation, operational integration, and automation. Leading shipbuilders and operators seek to innovate by utilizing cutting-edge technologies and systems that go beyond traditional designs to create ships with advanced remote control, communication, and connectivity capabilities. Those capabilities are tested through various autonomous vessel projects.
  • 400
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cybersecurity of Battery Management System
Battery management systems (BMSs) are critical to ensure the efficiency and safety of high-power battery energy storage systems (BESSs) in vehicular and stationary applications. The proliferation of battery big data and cloud computing advancements has led to the development of a new generation of BMSs, named Cloud BMS (CBMS), aiming to improve the performance and safety of BESSs. The CBMS is a cyber-physical system with connectivity between the physical BMS and a cloud-based virtual BMS, which is realized through a communication channel such as Internet of Things. Compared to the traditional BMS, the CBMS offers significantly higher computational resources, leveraging the implementation of advanced digital twin models and best-in-class algorithms in the BMS software, which will provide superior performances.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Aug 2023
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