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Topic Review
Conventional Techniques for Thermal Treatment of Plastic Waste
Plastic waste poses a serious threat to the environment and it has been increasing at an alarming rate. In 2022, global plastic waste generation was reported to be around 380 million tonnes as compared to 353 million tonnes in 2019. Production of liquid fuel from plastic waste is regarded as a viable method for disposing of the plastic and utilizing its energy. A wide range of technologies have been explored for turning plastic waste into fuel, including the conventional pyrolysis, incineration, gasification and advanced oxidation.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Conversion of Lignocellulose to Bioethanol
Biomass feedstock is a material of biological origin that can be converted to various bio-based products, such as ethanol, in a biorefinery. Lignocellulosic biomass is considered an environmentally friendly, sustainable energy production resource. The various lignocellulosic biomass sources include industrial and agricultural waste, as well as forestry lignocellulosic biomass. The depletion of fossil fuel resources and the negative impact of their use on the climate have resulted in the need for alternative sources of clean, sustainable energy. One available alternative, bioethanol, is a potential substitute for, or additive to, petroleum-derived gasoline. In the lignocellulose-to-bioethanol process, the cellulose hydrolysis step represents a major hurdle that hinders commercialization.
  • 534
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cook Stove
A biomass cook stove is heated by burning wood, charcoal, animal dung or crop residue. Cook stoves are commonly used for cooking and heating food in rural households. Nearly half of the world's population, approximately 3 billion people, use solid fuels such as coal, wood, animal dung, and crop residues for their domestic energy needs. Among those who use indoor cooking stoves, the poorest families living in rural areas most frequently use solid fuels, where it continues to be relied on by up to 90% of households. Households in developing countries consume significantly less energy than those in developed countries; however, over 50% of the energy is for cooking food. The average rural family spends 20% or more of its income purchasing wood or charcoal for cooking. The urban poor also frequently spend a significant portion of their income on the purchase of wood or charcoal. Deforestation and erosion often result from harvesting wood for cooking fuel. The main goal of most improved cooking stoves is to reduce the pressure placed on local forests by reducing the amount of wood the stoves consume, and to reduce the negative health impacts associated with exposure to toxic smoke from traditional stoves.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cool Roofs
The use of white roofing material is a suggestion because of its cooling, evaporative and efficiency characteristics compared to traditional black roofing materials. Many research studies have shown that the darker roofing surfaces that are prevalent in many urban areas actually can increase temperature by 1 to 3 degrees Celsius to the environment surrounding these urban areas. Additionally, improved temperature control and heat reflection also work to reduce the energy requirements for the interior spaces of the structures that have white roofing surfaces. The white or lighter colored roofs tend to reflect a part of the solar radiation that strikes the roof’s surface. Consequently, one might believe that white roofing material would be commonplace and especially so within emerging economies. Yet, this is hardly the case at all. 
  • 813
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cool-Clave
Out-of-autoclave (OOA) manufacturing techniques for composites result in lower fibre volume fractions than for fully compressed laminates. The lower fibre volume fraction produces a higher resin volume fraction, which becomes resin-rich volumes (RRV). Textile reinforcements with clustered fibres and consequent RRV generally have low strength but high in-plane process permeability, whereas the opposite is true for uniformly distributed fibres. The inevitable increase in resin volume fraction of OOA composites often compromises composite performance and leads to relatively higher weight and fuel consumption in transport applications. The retention of autoclave processing is recommended for highest performance when compression press moulding is not appropriate (for example, for complex 3D components). The traditional autoclave processing of composites heats not only the component to be cured but also parasitic air and the vessel insulation. Subject to minor modifications of the pressure vessel, electrically heated tooling could be implemented. This approach would need to balance insulation of the heated tool surface (and any heater blanket on the counter-face) against the quenching effect during the introduction of the pressurised cool air. This process optimisation would significantly reduce energy consumption. Additionally, the laminate on the heated tool could be taken to the end of the dwell period before loading the autoclave, leading to significant reductions in cure cycle times. Components could be cured simultaneously at different temperatures provided that there are sufficient power and control circuits in the autoclave. While autoclave processing has usually involved vacuum-bagged pre-impregnated reinforcements, implementation of the cool-clave technique could also provide a scope for using the pressure vessel to cure vacuum-infused composites.
  • 394
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cooling Integrated, Solid Desiccant Systems
Compared with the traditional vapor-compression cooling system, the solid desiccant evaporative cooling system consumes less electricity, has no harmful refrigerant, controls air humidity effectively and maintains a high level of air quality. The hybrid system usually includes two main processes: the dehumidification process and the evaporative cooling process. The function of the dehumidification process is to remove the moisture, and the evaporative cooling process is responsible for handling the sensible heat of the air.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cooling Load of Radiant Systems
The cooling load of systems refers to the heat removed from a room to the outside environment and adjacent rooms, which is based on some parameters such as zone climate data, location, usage, and so on. The cooling capacity of a radiant system represents the amount of cooling required at a specific moment to keep a stable room temperature. It is a basic parameter of radiant systems and an important reference for system design and operation. In addition, The changes of surface heat transfer coefficient also cause changes of cooling load and cooling capacity of the radiant system. Based on above background, current situation of researchers' studies on the cooling load is summarized, cooling capacity and surface heat transfer coefficient of radiant systems.
  • 491
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cooling Loads of Buildings and Shading Devices
It is estimated that almost 40% of the world’s energy is consumed by buildings’ heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. This consumption increases by 3% every year and will reach 70% by 2050 due to rapid urbanisation and population growth. In Darwin, building energy consumption is even higher and accounts for up to 55% due to the hot and humid weather conditions. Singapore has the same weather conditions but less energy consumption, with only 38% compared to Darwin. Solar radiation can be defined as electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun and the Darwin area receives a large amount of solar radiation. Windows that are capable of blocking excessive radiation can improve the cooling load of a building. In contrast, windows and other façades with high transmission values can increase the cooling load
  • 781
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cooling Methods for Standard and Floating PV Panels
Energy and water poverty are two main challenges of the modern world. Most developing and underdeveloped countries need more efficient electricity-producing sources to overcome the problem of potable water evaporation. At the same time, the traditional way to produce energy/electricity is also responsible for polluting the environment and damaging the ecosystem. Notably, many techniques have been used around the globe, such as a photovoltaic (PV) cooling (active, passive, and combined) process to reduce the working temperature of the PV panels (up to 60 °C) to improve the system efficiency. For floating photovoltaic (FPV), water cooling is mainly responsible for reducing the panel temperature to enhance the production capacity of the PV panels, while the system efficiency can increase up to around 30%. 
  • 425
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cooling of Gas Turbine Rotor Blades with Rotation
Increases in power density and thermal efficiency of a highly efficient gas turbine engine motivate an ever-mounting turbine entry temperature. The combined metallurgical and cooling advancements ensure the structural integrity of a gas turbine rotor blade that spins at high rotor speeds in a gas stream with temperatures above the melting point of the blade material. The advancements in the cooling technology for a gas turbine rotor blade are summarized.
  • 516
  • 31 Jan 2023
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