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Topic Review
GIS and MCDM in Flood Risk Management
The identification and classification of flood-prone areas comprise a fundamental step in the Flood Risk Management approach, providing subsidies for land use planning, floodproofing policies, the design of mitigation measures and early warning systems. 
  • 280
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Smart Decision-Support in Aging Buildings
The framework integrated digital technological advancements, such as building information modeling (BIM), point clouds processing with field information modeling (FIM)®, and structural optimization, together with lifecycle assessment to evaluate and rate the environmental impact of different solutions in aging buildings. Three sustainability aspects, namely, cost, energy consumption, and carbon emissions, were quantitatively evaluated and compared in two scenarios, namely, renovation, and demolition or deconstruction combined with redevelopment. Through a case study in Germany, it was demonstrated that the proposed framework can support decision-makers in selecting the optimal rehabilitation strategy in aging buildings.
  • 293
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Thermomechanical Stress in Microelectronics Packaging Durability
Reflow soldering is the main connection technology of surface mounting. Firstly, the solder in paste form is stencil-printed onto the solder pads of the applied substrate, and then surface mounted devices are placed onto the solder deposits. Finally, the whole assembly is heated over the melting temperature of the solder alloy, which melts and forms solder joints. Surface mounting technology needs a low defect rate which is determined by process parameters, material properties, and the printed circuit board design. Accompanying the experiment and measurement, the identification and elimination of root causes can be effectively improved with numerical modelling, which also grants details to such physical mechanisms that are not even conventionally measurable.
  • 319
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Influences on Driving Style Preferences in Automated Driving
Automated driving is a rapidly evolving technology with the aim to revolutionize transportation by eliminating the need for human drivers. The predicted potentials of automated driving include increased driving comfort and safety, traffic flow optimization, reduced emissions, and enhanced mobility for people with disabilities or limited access to transportation. With automated driving, humans change their role from an active driver to that of a passenger, raising the question of how users prefer to be driven in the future when they are no longer driving themselves.
  • 241
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Proxy Mobile IPv6 Extension for IoT Domain
The upcoming generation of communications can provide richer mobility, high data rate, reliable security, better quality of services, and supporting mobility requirements in the Internet of Things (IoT) environment. Integrating modern communication with IoT demands more secure, scalable, and resource-efficient mobility solutions for better business opportunities. In a massive 6G-enabled IoT environment, modern mobility solutions such as proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) have the potential to provide enhanced mobility and resource efficiency. 
  • 201
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
LoRa Communication Using TVWS Frequencies
Low power wide area network (LPWAN) is a wireless communication technology that offers large coverage, low data rates, and low power consumption, making it a suitable choice for the growing Internet of Things and machine-to-machine communication applications. Long range (LoRa), an LPWAN technology, has been used in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band for various low-power wireless applications. TV white spaces (TVWS) are capable of transmitting signals over longer distances and do not require perfect line-of-sight transmission. They offer good coverage and stronger signals even in rural areas. TVWS frequencies can offer an alternative spectrum for LoRa-based LPWAN applications with reduced coexistence and interference issues and a further increase in the communication range for outdoor applications.
  • 341
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Oxy-Fuel Combustion Technology for Electricity and Hydrogen Production
Modern trends in improving environmental safety have determined the urgency in creating innovative technologies that allow the production of electricity and hydrogen without the emission of harmful substances. However, at the moment, there are not so many technical solutions offering the combined production of these useful products with a high degree of efficiency and environmental friendliness. The transition to oxy-fuel combustion power cycles for the co-production of electricity and hydrogen is a prospective way to decrease carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere from the energy sector.
  • 382
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Double-Row Pile Supporting Structure
Double-row pile supporting systems are mainly used in temporary engineering as a protection measure to ensure the smooth construction of the underground section of the main part of the structures and the safety of the environment around the foundation pit. During the process of urbanization, the density of high-rise, super-high-rise, and underground buildings in cities has increased, and the utilization rate of underground space has been increasing. Influenced by the foundation of adjacent structures and the complex underground environment, the double-row pile supporting structure has attracted wide attention. Based on the existing single-row pile, and by adding a row of piles behind it, the double-row pile supporting structure evolves from this. The double-row pile structure is mainly composed of the front pile, the back pile, the crown beam, and the connecting beam.
  • 392
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Ammonia Production Plants
Ammonia (NH3) is a fundamental manufacturing component and the cheapest compound combining nitrogen with raw elements, utilized in more than 76% of all nitrogen-based products. 
  • 420
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Problem Formulation in Distribution Network
Distributed generators (DGs) have a high penetration rate in distribution networks (DNs). Understanding their impact on a DN is essential for achieving optimal power flow (OPF). Various DG models, such as stochastic and forecasting models, have been established and are used for OPF. While conventional OPF aims to minimize operational costs or power loss, the “Dual-Carbon” target has led to the inclusion of carbon emission reduction objectives. Additionally, state-of-the-art optimization techniques such as machine learning (ML) are being employed for OPF.
  • 329
  • 24 Aug 2023
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