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Topic Review
Earthquake Early Warning
Earthquake early warning (EEW) systems have been rapidly developing as a result of the development of information technology. EEW systems are able to analyze ground motions in real time and provide alerts before the onset of the destructive seismic waves at specific targets. EEW systems can be divided into on-site, regional, and hybrid EEW systems. In regional EEW systems, a sequence of streams from different stations  are analyzed at a central hub through a “picking” algorithm that is able to detect P-wave onsets in the seismic traces of multiple stations, and then use this information for earthquake localization and event declaration. On the contrary, an on-site EEW system is based on sensors installed near a target to monitor, where an intensity estimation is produced based on the initial P-wave detection at the target. Lastly, these two approaches are combined in a hybrid EEW system. Early alarm dissemination and source localization through EEW systems might allow the end-users of these system to take precautionary measures, aid disaster responders, and automate safety measures in certain scenarios, with important benefits in terms of risk reduction, first response, and disaster management.
  • 278
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bioethanol
Bioethanol is the most widely used alternative transportation fuel to petrol. Bioethanol is considered a clean, renewable, and environmentally friendly fuel that can contribute to climate change mitigation, decreased environmental pollution, and enhanced energy security.
  • 403
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Local Production Chain for Structural Timber in Sardinia
The construction sector is currently responsible for over 30% of the consumption of natural resources and the release of solid waste and pollution into the environment. This situation is even more serious in closed communities such as islands, economically highly dependent on the outside world. One of the possible interventions to reverse this trend is the use of eco-sustainable construction materials such as wood, produced through supply chains with a low environmental impact. The local production of structural elements made of locally grown timber, besides the environmental benefits linked to wood properties, would bring ecological, social, and cultural advantages, such as better forest management and new job opportunities related to timber production, processing, and construction. These aspects are of paramount importance in isolated economies such as islands and become crucial in disadvantaged regions, such as the inner parts of Sardinia, currently prone to depopulation and a decline in rural land.
  • 302
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Smart Cities and Public Transport Vehicles
A “smart city” contains not only new tools but also vehicles or infrastructure. A new type of vehicle could use both the existing tram routes and newly constructed sections with no tracks. It is assumed that new vehicles would drive with trams on the same, shared tracks.
  • 265
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Electrospun Porous Carbon Nanofiber Mats
Electrospun porous carbon nanofiber mats have excellent properties, such as a large surface area, tunable porosity, and excellent electrical conductivity, and have attracted great attention in energy storage and power generation applications. Moreover, due to their exceptional properties, they can be used in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), membrane electrodes for fuel cells, catalytic applications such as oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs), hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs), and oxygen evolution reactions (OERs), and sensing applications such as biosensors, electrochemical sensors, and chemical sensors, providing a comprehensive insight into energy storage development and applications.
  • 219
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Tribocorrosion Behavior of Aluminum Alloys
Tribocorrosion is a material degradation process caused by the combined effect of wear and corrosion. The complexity of tribocorrosion lies in the fact that the chemical and mechanical attacks are not independent of each other but often act synergistically to cause accelerated failure.
  • 333
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Energy Efficiency of Induction Motor Drives
Despite activities to introduce low-carbon energy sources worldwide, the share of conventional facilities burning organic fuels remains high. One approach to address this problem is to look for solutions to reduce energy consumption. There are various research projects in the area of energy efficiency that lead to diverse results—such as models, methodologies, new data and theories. On the other hand, induction motor drives are becoming a major consumer of electric power because of their wide range of applications. 
  • 307
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Analysis of Point Machines and Monitoring Systems
Point machines are the actuators for railway switching and crossing systems that guide trains from one track to another. Hence, the safe and reliable behavior of point machines are pivotal for rail transportation. Scholars and researchers have attempted to deploy various kinds of sensors on point machines for anomaly detection and/or incipient fault detection using date-driven algorithms. However, challenges arise when deploying condition monitoring and fault detection to trackside point machines in practical applications. 
  • 587
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Microfluidics Techniques for Pesticide Residues Detection in Food
Food safety is a significant issue that affects people worldwide and is tied to their lives and health. The issue of pesticide residues in food is just one of many issues related to food safety, which leave residues in crops and are transferred through the food chain to human consumption. Foods contaminated with pesticide residues pose a serious risk to human health, including carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. Although traditional methods, including gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, chromatography, and mass spectrometry, can be used to achieve a quantitative analysis of pesticide residues, the disadvantages of these techniques, such as being time-consuming and costly and requiring specialist staff, limit their application.
  • 168
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Alluvial Gold Mining Technologies
Gold has been a highly prized commodity throughout history and has played a significant role in humanity’s economic and cultural progress.
  • 319
  • 25 Oct 2023
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