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Topic Review
The Implementation of Precise Point Positioning
High-precision positioning from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) has garnered increased interest due to growing demand in various applications, like autonomous car navigation and precision agriculture. Precise Point Positioning (PPP) offers a distinct advantage over differential techniques by enabling precise position determination of a GNSS rover receiver through the use of external corrections sourced from either the Internet or dedicated correction satellites. However, PPP’s implementation has been challenging due to the need to mitigate numerous GNSS error sources, many of which are eliminated in differential techniques such as Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) or overlooked in Standard Point Positioning (SPP).
  • 196
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Explainable Approaches for Forecasting Building Electricity Consumption
Building electric energy is characterized by a significant increase in its uses (e.g., vehicle charging), a rapidly declining cost of all related data collection, and a proliferation of smart grid concepts, including diverse and flexible electricity pricing schemes. Not surprisingly, an increased number of approaches have been proposed for its modeling and forecasting.
  • 200
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Lockdown on Online Car-Hailing Travel in Shanghai
Due to the restriction policies and people’s fear of contracting COVID-19, the riding of means of transportation decreased sharply, including trains, metros, taxis, and online car-hailing, both for inter-city and intra-city transportation modes. The way people travel and live was significantly affected. People needed to work from home or conduct online meetings if the working conditions permitted. Students needed to take classes online.
  • 207
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
4D-Based Environmental Impact Analysis of Road Project Variants
Road construction work has a multitude of impacts on its host environment, and the effect of these impacts varies according to the areas it crosses. Taking these impacts into account from the earliest stages of project planning is the ideal approach pursued by planners to ensure that their plans not only take these impacts into account but also mitigate their effects as much as possible. Drawing up a project schedule that considers the impact of the work requires an in-depth understanding of its scale, spatial extent, and timing. 
  • 249
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
RAW Image Denoising
Given the challenges encountered by industrial cameras, such as the randomness of sensor components, scattering, and polarization caused by optical defects, environmental factors, and other variables, the resulting noise hinders image recognition and leads to errors in subsequent image processing. An increasing number of papers have proposed methods for denoising RAW images. 
  • 175
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Data Science for Industry 4.0 and Sustainability
The industrial, scientific, and technological fields have been subject to a revolutionary process of digitalization and automation called Industry 4.0. Its implementation has been successful mainly in the economic field of sustainability, while the environmental field has been gaining more attention from researchers. 
  • 216
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Current Aviation Fuel Production
For jet fuel, the aviation industry primarily uses two types of fuel: aviation gasoline and aviation kerosene. Aviation gasoline, also known as AVGAS, is derived from the distillation of crude oil in the range between 30 and 170 °C. AVGAS is normally used in small aircraft, such as private aviation, agricultural, and pilot training. Aviation kerosene is also a petroleum distillation product obtained in the range between 150 and 300 °C. This fuel is more suitable in aircraft engines for energy generation through combustion, used in many commercial and military aircraft.
  • 210
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Impact of Stress Path on Rock Strength
The strength of rock is a non-intrinsic property, and this means that numerous parameters influence the strength values. In most laboratory experiments, specimens are free of stress at the start of the tests, and the load is increased systematically until failure occurs. Around excavations, the opposite path occurs, i.e., the rock is in equilibrium under a triaxial stress state and at least one stress component decreases while another component may increase. Hence, the stress paths in classic laboratory experiments are different from the in situ stress paths. In the research presented, the effect of these different stress paths on the failure processes and failure envelopes was studied. The micro-fracturing when loading rock (from zero or low stress state) until failure was different from the micro-fracturing when unloading rock (from the in situ stress state) until failure. And, hence, by this difference in weakening processes, the failure envelopes were significantly different. The conventional loading resulted in the largest strength and, thus, overestimated the rock strength in comparison to the real in situ behavior. This finding, after being confirmed by additional experiments, will have a direct effect on how one characterizes rock material and on the design of rock excavations.
  • 160
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mobility as a Service Concept and Applications
Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is an innovative mobility service that aims to redesign the future of urban mobility by integrating multi-modal transportation and app-based technologies to enable seamless urban mobility.
  • 280
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Building Information Modelling in the Saudi Construction Industry
The Saudi Vision 2030 is a program of change management on a national level driven mostly by the use of digital technology. The implementation of building information modelling (BIM) is part of this change, and there is general agreement that its use improves the productivity and quality of the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industries. 
  • 210
  • 02 Nov 2023
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