Mobility as a Service Concept and Applications

Version	Summary	Created by	Modification	Content Size	Created at	Operation
1		Lambros Mitropoulos	--	2434	2023-11-02 10:18:35	\|
2	format change	Peter Tang	Meta information modification	2434	2023-11-02 10:22:15	\|

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/futuretransp3020029

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is an innovative mobility service that aims to redesign the future of urban mobility by integrating multi-modal transportation and app-based technologies to enable seamless urban mobility.

mobility as a service (MaaS) MaaS demo MaaS planning

1. Introduction

Τhe Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) concept has been developed within the past ten years and integrates public and private mobility modes to promote on-demand mobility ^[1]^[2]. The International Association of Public Transport (UITP) defines MaaS ^[3]: “MaaS is the integration of, and access to, different transport services (such as public transport, ride-sharing, car-sharing, bike-sharing, scooter-sharing, taxi, car rental, ride-hailing and so on) in one single digital mobility offer, with active mobility and an efficient public transport system as its basis. This tailormade service suggests the most suitable solutions based on the user’s travel needs. MaaS is available anytime and offers integrated planning, booking and payment, as well as en route information to provide easy mobility and enable life without having to own a car”.

Recent studies have highlighted the role of MaaS in increasing efficiency both for mobility systems and individual users ^[4]. MaaS aims to redesign the future of urban mobility by integrating multi-modal transportation with Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) and app-based technologies ^[5]^[6]. MaaS provides a more convenient and more sustainable solution than owning and driving private cars, which subsequently leads to the reduction of congestion in city centers and suburbs, the reduction of traffic accidents, and the reduction of required space for parking ^[7]. The assumption that supports MaaS is that a seamless integration of a wide range of mobility services, such as bike-sharing with public transportation services, or carpooling with public transport ^[8], is more appealing than owning, maintaining, and operating a private vehicle ^[4]^[7].

Despite the fact that several MaaS solutions have been developed lately at global level, the MaaS concept has its roots in the Nordic nations. It is claimed that Heikkilä coined the term in 2014 ^[9]; her thesis resulted in a call for pilot projects from the Finnish Innovation Agency and led to the founding of the first MaaS company in 2015, named MaaS Global ^[2]. They developed the Whim app that operated in Finland, Austria, Belgium, Japan, and the UK ^[7]. Moreover, around the same time in Sweden, a MaaS trial known as Go:Smart (later renamed UbiGo) was financed by the Swedish Innovation Agency to develop, test, and evaluate ways of offering a mobility solution for sustainable traveling in the city of Gothenburg. UbiGo was launched in Stockholm in 2019 but ceased operation in early 2021 ^[7]. Although several pilots have been demonstrated and evaluated, only a small number of them resulted in a product in the market.

The MaaS provides the ability for travelers to combine public and private transport modes within a city or beyond by using a single application. A key success factor for the MaaS is the utilization of a reliable account to book and pay for used transport services ^[10]. MaaS is often referred to as a tool that could help increase the sustainability of transport systems ^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]; however, a universal definition of MaaS has not yet been established ^[15].

2. MaaS Impacts

The anticipated MaaS benefits focus on the optimization of the existing public transport services within a city and the increase in travelers’ satisfaction ^[16]. MaaS may also improve network efficiency by optimizing supply and demand, especially during peak hours when certain modes/routes are under-utilized, and reduce traffic congestion, transport costs for end-users, and car ownership ^[16]. The implementation of MaaS may lead to emission reductions ^[17] and offers seamless end-to-end mobility to its users ^[18]. If Maas is structured and priced properly, it could provide benefits, including increased public transport ridership and active transport usage ^[19], and offer intermodal solutions ^[19] Soteropoulos et al. (2021) ^[20] mentioned MaaS as being one of the potential solutions for addressing the challenges of future mobility. They suggested that automated vehicles and MaaS could potentially reduce the need for private car ownership and provide more efficient and sustainable transportation options. Existing research indicates that MaaS contributes to reduced dependence on private vehicles ^[21], reduction of transport-related emissions ^[22], enhancement of transport system reliability ^[23], increased convenience and accessibility, reduced traffic congestion, and cost savings for users, increased flexibility for its users in the post-pandemic era ^[24], and new opportunities for innovation and new business models for involved stakeholders ^[25].

3. Planning and Implementation

The need to switch from single-mode planning to multimodality and build a resilient transport network has been also highlighted by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The emphasis on resilience implies going beyond single-mode resilience to cross-modal, systemic resilience optimization ^[26]. However, there is a high degree of ambiguity surrounding the MaaS concept, planning, and implementation ^[27]. Following a critical literature review by Jittrapirom et al. ^[27] the identified core characteristics when implementing a MaaS are the integration of transport modes, tariff options, the platform, coordination of multiple actors, use of technologies, demand orientation, registration requirements, personalization, and customization.

MaaS has been studied in the literature both theoretically ^[11]^[28] and practically. At the practical level, MaaS has been tested either within the framework of research projects ^[29]^[30]^[31] or has been implemented in several urban areas (e.g., Ubigo and Whim app). Table 1 presents MaaS applications that have been tested or released in the market.

Table 1. Overview of MaaS Applications.

Application Name	Transport Modes	Demo Site	Study
Beeline	Bus services	Singapore	^[29]
BIP for MaaS	Public transport, bike sharing, traditional, free floating and electric car sharing, and carpooling	Torino, Italy (EU)	^[30]
Bridj	On-demand commuter shuttle service	Boston, Kansas City, and Washington, DC (US)	^[29]
Communauto/Bixi	Bike sharing and car sharing	Quebec, Canada (US)	^[29]^[31]
EMMA	Public transport system, Bike sharing system, car and bike parking services, car sharing,	Montpellier, France (EU)	^[31]^[32]
Get me there	Bus, tram, metro, taxi, car-sharing, rail, coaches, electric vehicle charging infrastructure, and parking operators	Greater Manchester, North West England	^[30]
Hannovermobil 2.0	Public transport, car sharing, and taxi	Hanover Region, Germany (EU)	^[31]^[32]^[33]
Helsinki Model (Whim app)	Public transport, taxis, city bikes, car rental, car sharing, e-scooters, and shared bikes + on-demand transport	Helsinki and Turku, Finland (EU)	^[9]^[29]^[31]^[32]
MaaS-London App	Car clubs (car sharing services), ride sharing, bike sharing, taxi and all types of public transport (London underground, overground, bus, tramlink, DLR, river bus, and national rail)	London (UK)	^[32]
Mobility Shop	Public transport, bike sharing, car sharing, car rental, taxi, train	Helsinki, Finland (EU)	^[4]^[34]
Moovel	Public transport, car sharing, car rental, national rail, bike sharing, and taxis	Germany (EU), also testing in Boston, Portland, and Helsinki	^[4]^[29]^[31]^[32]
Qixxit	Car sharing, ride sharing, and bike sharing	Germany (EU)	^[29]
SHIFT	Shuttle buses, bike sharing, car rental, car sharing, and valet service	Las Vegas (US)	^[4]^[31]^[32]
SMILE App	Public transport, rail, car sharing, bike sharing, car rental, taxi	Vienna, Austria (EU)	^[4]^[29]^[31]^[32]
TransitApp	Public transport, bike sharing, car sharing, taxi, ride-hailing	USA, UK, Canada, Europe, Australia	^[4]
Ubigo	Public transport, car sharing, car rentals, bike sharing, taxi service, car-pool, and bike-pool	Gothenburg and Västra Region, Sweden (EU)	^[4]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[35]^[36]^[37]
URBI mobility	Regional and city trains, subway, trams, buses, free-floating and stationary vehicle-sharing, scooter-sharing, bike-sharing, taxis, and Uber	Berlin Brandenburg metropolitan and regional area, Germany (EU)	^[30]
WienMobil Lab	Public transport, bike sharing, car sharing, taxi, parking garages	Vienna, Austria (EU)	^[4]

MaaS utilize apps that offer a monthly subscription or a pay-as-you-go service for a single or a group of travelers to combine transport modes and use them with a single payment ^[10]; different apps and platforms have been deployed to support local MaaS systems. MaaS Global released Whim, the first MaaS solution in the world ^[38]. Currently, Whim operates in Helsinki and Turku (Finland), Antwerpen (Belgium), Vienna (Austria), West Midlands (UK), multiple cities in Switzerland, and Greater Tokyo (Japan). The Whim is an award-winning mobility app that facilitates mobility by offering two types of MaaS service: purchasing a season ticket (predefined mobility packages), and a single trip ticket (pay-as-you-go). The season ticket includes unlimited usage of public transport, taxi, city bikes, car rental, e-scooters, and shared bikes. In Los Angeles and Denver (US), a mobility platform was launched in 2016 to assist residents and tourists make travel choices more easily ^[10]. The “Go Denver” and “Go LA” apps estimated different routes, including the greenest one, by considering individuals’ destinations and desired arrival time. The apps aggregated and calculated the time, cost, carbon footprint, and health benefits of walking, biking, driving, parking, public transit, and emerging ride-hailing options ^[39]. The UbiGo app in Gothenburg, Sweden ^[30]^[36]^[37] offers a monthly subscription for public transport, car sharing, car rentals, bike sharing, and taxi services ^[35].

At the moment, there are at least three ongoing MaaS initiatives in the city of Madrid, yet there is no collaboration among them. The main challenge that they face is also confirmed by literature findings: the lack of a governance framework for MaaS ^[40]. Given the different circumstances and conditions in different cities and regions, it seems unlikely that a single MaaS model would be universally applicable ^[41].

Boero et al. ^[30] described the MaaS concept and its implementation in the context of the IMOVE project. Furthermore, they described the organizational and technological enablers for MaaS and the main objectives and elements in the participating pilot sites. IMOVE was first implemented in four European areas (Living Labs) including Göteborg, the Västra Götaland region, the Berlin Brandenburg region, Greater Manchester, and Turin. The living labs combined several modes to deploy MaaS services, such as public transport, car-pool, bike-pool, taxi, U-Bahn (subway), tram, bus, free-floating and stationary vehicle-sharing, scooter-sharing, bike-sharing, and Uber.

4. Challenges and Barriers

Several stakeholders, including transportation planners, operators, and policy makers are interested in planning and implementing MaaS ^[16]. However, potential societal, operational, financial, and regulatory barriers might hinder the MaaS success as concluded in the literature ^[16]. For example, dependence on the MaaS to improve mobility and accessibility of individuals may create equity issues ^[42], which should be considered within the transport policy and practice field. Furthermore, without a supportive built environment and high-quality public transport system, MaaS will likely not succeed to change travelers’ behavior ^[26]. The degree these challenges are addressed affect the degree the potential benefits of MaaS are achieved ^[43].

EU-funded projects have recently demonstrated MaaS solutions in several cities (Table 2), yet the challenges that they faced during the implementation process are mainly technological integration of different Transport Service Provider (TSP) platforms and institutional issues. Table 2 presents a summary of recently demonstrated pilots in EU projects and the main challenges they faced during testing.

Table 2. A sample of recent EU MaaS pilots.

Project	City Pilot	Year Tested	Major Challenges
^[44]	Greater Manchester (UK)	2018	Business, end-users, technology, and policy challenges (i.e., rapid growth of new mobility solutions such as dockless cycling, and UK de-regulated market; participants do not fully understand the MaaS concept and there is confusion with Smart Ticketing, etc.)
	Luxembourg (LU)—Germany (DE)	2018	Business, end-users, technology, and policy challenges (i.e., The collaboration of private companies with public organizations in MaaS, people’s strong reliance on their private cars, and the need for some regulatory modifications.)
	Budapest (HU)	2018	Τhe ticketing system of the public transport authority does not accept mobile-based ticketing solutions.
^[45]	Amsterdam (NL)	2019	The integration of a big number of mobility services in order to provide an attractive and ideally all-encompassing service.
	Athens & Korinthos (GR)	2019
	Rome (IT)	2019	The provision of the most up-to-date traffic information and guidance to users regarding the best route to avoid unexpected events and congested roads.
	Prague (CZ)	2019	-
	Salzburg (AT)	2019	The integration of a big number of mobility services in order to provide an attractive and ideally all-encompassing service.
^[25]	Lisbon (PT)	2021	Ticketing, lack of an interoperability framework, and scalability to sustain a large deployment. Need to simplify/automate all the necessary steps to integrate new services and sub-systems in the IP4 ecosystem. Public/private mobility integration, information handling and sharing, service interoperability, and scalability requirements
	Malaga (ES)	2021
	Central east corridor (Berlin (DE) and Brno (CZ))	2021
^[46]	Barcelona (ES)	2023	In progress
	Athens (GR)	2022	2nd phase in progress (Challenges are outlined in Section 4)
	Warsaw (PL)	2023	In progress
	Osijek (HR)	2023	In progress
	Liberec (CZ)	2023	In progress
	Padua (IT)	2023	In progress

The MaaS4EU project concluded that major legal and regulatory barriers exist for the implementation of MaaS services ^[44] that make participating in a MaaS scheme difficult for suppliers and public service providers. The project stresses that regulations and passenger rights can largely differ across different modes, due to the lack of a unimodal approach in the EU legislative framework. The MyCorridor project ^[45] categorized barriers as well as enablers into five categories: User and market, Technology, Organization, Business, and Legal. However, legal issues for MaaS implementation were emphasized by further grouping them into: data protection, cybersecurity, intellectual agreements, consumer and payment laws, data interoperability, and local regulations. One of the latest MaaS demonstrations, within the framework of the Shift2Maas project ^[25] highlighted challenges related to regulations, including data privacy (GDPR) as well as the local variation of regulations. Shift2MaaS proposed a roadmap, summarizing recommendations based on three pillars: regulation, business models, and technical issues. The IP4MaaS project extracts information and lessons learned from the MyCorridor and Shift2MaaS projects to build use cases and plan its demonstration.

Except for major challenges that interested stakeholders may face during MaaS implementation, barriers may also exist on the users’ side. Sochor et al. ^[35] conducted a six-month field test in Gothenburg, Sweden to explore motivations and barriers to adopting new travel services. Potential users were initially motivated by curiosity, convenience, and fare savings. Results showed that is vital to generate interest and excitement in potential users regarding a new transportation scheme. Users provided positive feedback, but service providers faced regulatory and institutional barriers ^[36]. Reasons for users not joining Ubigo included fare affordability (i.e., more expensive than the existing transport solution), a perceived mismatch between the user and the service, and lack of infrastructure (e.g., bike-sharing or car-sharing stations) to serve new users ^[35].

The substantial barriers to implementing MaaS were also identified and grouped into categories for two European metropolitan areas, Budapest (Hungary) and Manchester (UK) ^[16]; Table 3 presents the main ones.

Table 3. Main barriers to implementing MaaS ^[16].

Barrier Category	Barriers
Barrier Category	Greater Manchester (UK)	Budapest (HU)
Institutional/ Regulatory	Monopoly in the long term	Political opposition
	Needs business reorganization	Needs business reorganization
	Unwillingness of cooperation among TSPs and the MaaS operator	Unwillingness of cooperation among TSPs and the MaaS operator
	-	Monopoly in the long term
Social	Strong reliance of people on private cars	Strong reliance of people on private cars
Financial	Viability of business model	Regulatory risks
	Macroeconomic risks	Viability of business model
	Partnership risks	Partnership risks
	Innovation risks	Non-credit rated activity
Operational/ Technical	Limited availability of APIs	Unwillingness to share data
	Unwillingness to share data	Standardization of data among TSPs and data providers
	Standardization of data among TSPs and data providers	Low ICT availability to support MaaS
	“Unbanked” travelers that may not be able to access MaaS services	-

References

Mitropoulos, L.; Kortsari, A.; Ayfantopoulou, G. Factors Affecting Drivers to Participate in a Carpooling to Public Transport Service. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9129.
Guyader, H.; Friman, M.; Olsson, L.E. Shared Mobility: Evolving Practices for Sustainability. Sustainability 2021, 13, 12148.
UITP. Mobility as a Service; International Association of Public Transport: Brussels, Belgium, 2019.
Jittrapirom, P.; Caiati, V.; Feneri, A.M.; Ebrahimigharehbaghi, S.; Alonso-González, M.J.; Narayan, J. Mobility as a Service: A Critical Review of Definitions, Assessments of Schemes, and Key Challenges. Urban Plan 2017, 2, 13–25.
Becker, H.; Balac, M.; Ciari, F.; Axhausen, K.W. Assessing the Welfare Impacts of Shared Mobility and Mobility as a Service (MaaS). Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2020, 131, 228–243.
Goetz, A.R. Transport Challenges in Rapidly Growing Cities: Is There a Magic Bullet? Transp. Rev. 2019, 39, 701–705.
Guyader, H.; Nansubuga, B.; Skill, K. Institutional Logics at Play in a Mobility-as-a-Service Ecosystem. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8285.
Wright, S.; Nelson, J.D.; Cottrill, C.D. MaaS for the Suburban Market: Incorporating Carpooling in the Mix. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2020, 131, 206–218.
Heikkilä, S. Mobility as a Service—A Proposal for Action for the Public Administration, Case Helsinki. Master’s Thesis, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, 2014.
Li, Y.; Voege, T. Mobility as a Service (MaaS): Challenges of Implementation and Policy Required. J. Transp. Technol. 2017, 7, 95–106.
Santos, G.; Nikolaev, N. Mobility as a Service and Public Transport: A Rapid Literature Review and the Case of Moovit. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3666.
Lopez-Carreiro, I.; Monzon, A.; Lopez, E.; Lopez-Lambas, M.E. Urban Mobility in the Digital Era: An Exploration of Travellers’ Expectations of MaaS Mobile-Technologies. Technol. Soc. 2020, 63, 101392.
Cruz, C.O.; Sarmento, J.M. “Mobility as a Service” Platforms: A Critical Path towards Increasing the Sustainability of Transportation Systems. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6368.
Jang, S.; Caiati, V.; Rasouli, S.; Timmermans, H.; Choi, K. Does MaaS Contribute to Sustainable Transportation? A Mode Choice Perspective. Int. J. Sustain. Transp. 2020, 15, 351–363.
Maas, B. Literature Review of Mobility as a Service. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8962.
Polydoropoulou, A.; Pagoni, I.; Tsirimpa, A. Ready for Mobility as a Service? Insights from Stakeholders and End-Users. Travel Behav. Soc. 2020, 21, 295–306.
Labee, P.; Rasouli, S.; Liao, F. The Implications of Mobility as a Service for Urban Emissions. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 2022, 102, 103128.
Pagoni, I.; Gatto, M.; Tsouros, I.; Tsirimpa, A.; Polydoropoulou, A.; Galli, G.; Stefanelli, T. Mobility-as-a-Service: Insights to Policymakers and Prospective MaaS Operators. Transp. Lett. 2022, 14, 356–364.
Kamargianni, M.; Matyas, M.; Li, W.; Muscat, J. Londoners’ Attitudes towards Car-Ownership and Mobility-as-a-Service: Impact Assessment and Opportunities That Lie Ahead. 2018. Available online: https://trid.trb.org/View/1502485 (accessed on 1 February 2023).
Soteropoulos, A.; Pfaffenbichler, P.; Berger, M.; Emberger, G.; Stickler, A.; Dangschat, J.S. Scenarios of Automated Mobility in Austria: Implications for Future Transport Policy. Future Transp. 2021, 1, 747–764.
Cole, M. Mobility as a Service: Putting Transit Front and Center of the Conversation. Cubic Transp. Syst. 2018, 1–24.
Polis Mobility as a Service: Implications for Urban and Regional Transport. In Discussion Paper Offering the Perspective of Polis Member Cities and Regions on Mobility as a Service; POLIS: Brussels, Belgium, 2017.
Hietanen, S.; Sahala, S. Mobility as a Service—Can It Be Even Better than Owning a Car? Virium Hels. Forum. Eurotransp. 2014, 12, 2–4.
Shams Esfandabadi, Z.; Ranjbari, M.; Scagnelli, S.D. The Pandemic Implications for Carsharing: An Italian Context. Future Transp. 2023, 2023, 274–285.
Shift2MaaS. Shift2Rail IP4 Enabling Mobility as a Service and Seamless Passenger Experience. Horizon2020. Available online: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/826252 (accessed on 5 January 2023).
ITF. The Innovative Mobility Landscape: The Case of Mobility as a Service; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development: Paris, France, 2021.
Arias-Molinares, D.; García-Palomares, J.C. The Ws of MaaS: Understanding Mobility as a Service Fromaliterature Review. IATSS Res. 2020, 44, 253–263.
MaaSive. Enabling MaaS in the IP4 Ecosystem. Horizon2020. Available online: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/826385 (accessed on 17 December 2022).
Goodall, W.; Fishman, T.D.; Bornstein, J.; Bonthron, B. The Rise of Mobility as a Service. Reshaping How Urbanites Get around. 2017. Available online: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/nl/Documents/consumer-business/deloitte-nl-cb-ths-rise-of-mobility-as-a-service.pdf (accessed on 1 February 2023).
Boero, M.; Arby, H.; Cossu, P.; Gorini, M.; Persi, S. Unlocking Large Scale Access to Combined Mobility Through MaaS Applications in Europe: The IMOVE Approach. In Proceedings of the 7th Transport Research Arena TRA 2018, Vienna, Austria, 16–19 April 2018.
Stopka, U.; Pessier, R.; Günther, C. Mobility as a Service (MaaS) Based on Intermodal Electronic Platforms in Public Transport. In Human-Computer Interaction. Interaction in Context; HCI 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Kurosu, M., Ed.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; Volume 10902, pp. 419–439.
Kamargianni, M.; Matyas, M.; Li, W.; Schäfer, A. Feasibility Study for “Mobility as a Service” Concept in London; UCL Energy Institute: London, UK, 2015.
Röhrleef, M. HANNOVERmobil: Turning Public Transport into a Full Service Mobility Provider. Public Transp. Int. 2008, 57, 28–29.
Esztergár-Kiss, D.; Kerényi, T. Creation of Mobility Packages Based on the MaaS Concept. Travel Behav. Soc. 2020, 21, 307–317.
Sochor, J.; Strömberg, H.; Karlsson, I.C.M. Traveller’s Motives for Adopting a New, Innovative Travel Service: Insights from the UbiGo Field Operational Test in Gothenburg, Sweden. In Proceedings of the 21st World Congress on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Detroit, MI, USA, 7–11 September 2014.
Karlsson, I.C.M.; Sochor, J.; Strömberg, H. Developing the ‘Service’ in Mobility as a Service: Experiences from a Field Trial of an Innovative Travel Brokerage. Transp. Res. Procedia 2016, 14, 3265–3273.
Caesarius, L.M.; Johansson, N.E. Developing Innovative Services Based on Big Data—The Case of Go:Smart. In Proceedings of the QUIS13 International Research Symposium on Service Excellence in Management; Wästlund, E., Edvardsson, B., Gustafsson, A., Bitner, M.J., Verma, R., Eds.; Emerald Publishing: Karlstad, Sweden, 2013; pp. 175–184.
Whim. Whim App Helsinki. Available online: https://whimapp.com/helsinki/en/ (accessed on 9 January 2023).
Xerox Newsroom. Xerox Drives Earth Day Awareness through #GreenHacks, Featuring Sustainable Mobility Options. Available online: https://www.news.xerox.com/news/Xerox-drives-Earth-Day-awareness-featuring-sustainable-mobility-options (accessed on 9 January 2023).
Arias-Molinares, D.; Carlos García-Palomares, J. Shared Mobility Development as Key for Prompting Mobility as a Service (MaaS) in Urban Areas: The Case of Madrid. Case Stud. Transp. Policy 2020, 8, 846–859.
Signor, L.; Karjalainen, P.; Kamargianni, M.; Matyas, M.; Pagoni, I.; Stefanelli, T.; Galli, G.; Malgieri, P.; Bousse, Y.; Mizaras, V.; et al. Mobility as a Service (MaaS) and Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning; ERTICO: Brussels, Belgium, 2019.
Dadashzadeh, N.; Woods, L.; Ouelhadj, D.; Thomopoulos, N.; Kamargianni, M.; Antoniou, C. Mobility as a Service Inclusion Index (MaaSINI): Evaluation of Inclusivity in MaaS Systems and Policy Recommendations. Transp. Policy 2022, 127, 191–202.
Brown, C.; Hardman, M.; Davies, N.; Armitage, R. Mobility as a Service: Defining a Transport Utopia. Future Transp. 2022, 2, 300–309.
MaaS4EU. End-to-End Approach for Mobility-as-a-Service Tools, Business Models, Enabling Framework and Evidence for European Seamless Mobility. Horizon2020. Available online: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/723176 (accessed on 17 December 2022).
MyCorridor. Mobility as a Service in a Multimodal European Cross-Border Corridor. Horizon2020. Available online: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/723384 (accessed on 17 December 2022).
IP4MaaS Shift2Rail. IP4 to Support the Deployment of Mobility as a Service. Horizon2020. Available online: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101015492 (accessed on 17 December 2022).

© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.

Upload a video for this entry

Information

Subjects: Transportation Science & Technology

Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :

Lambros Mitropoulos

Annie Kortsari

Vasilis Mizaras

Georgia Ayfantopoulou

View Times: 281

Update Date: 02 Nov 2023

Table of Contents

Video Upload Options

Confirm