Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is an innovative mobility service that aims to redesign the future of urban mobility by integrating multi-modal transportation and app-based technologies to enable seamless urban mobility.
Application Name |
Transport Modes |
Demo Site |
Study |
---|---|---|---|
Beeline |
Bus services |
Singapore |
[31] |
BIP for MaaS |
Public transport, bike sharing, traditional, free floating and electric car sharing, and carpooling |
Torino, Italy (EU) |
[32] |
Bridj |
On-demand commuter shuttle service |
Boston, Kansas City, and Washington, DC (US) |
[31] |
Communauto/Bixi |
Bike sharing and car sharing |
Quebec, Canada (US) |
|
EMMA |
Public transport system, Bike sharing system, car and bike parking services, car sharing, |
Montpellier, France (EU) |
|
Get me there |
Bus, tram, metro, taxi, car-sharing, rail, coaches, electric vehicle charging infrastructure, and parking operators |
Greater Manchester, North West England |
[32] |
Hannovermobil 2.0 |
Public transport, car sharing, and taxi |
Hanover Region, Germany (EU) |
|
Helsinki Model (Whim app) |
Public transport, taxis, city bikes, car rental, car sharing, e-scooters, and shared bikes + on-demand transport |
Helsinki and Turku, Finland (EU) |
|
MaaS-London App |
Car clubs (car sharing services), ride sharing, bike sharing, taxi and all types of public transport (London underground, overground, bus, tramlink, DLR, river bus, and national rail) |
London (UK) |
[34] |
Mobility Shop |
Public transport, bike sharing, car sharing, car rental, taxi, train |
Helsinki, Finland (EU) |
|
Moovel |
Public transport, car sharing, car rental, national rail, bike sharing, and taxis |
Germany (EU), also testing in Boston, Portland, and Helsinki |
|
Qixxit |
Car sharing, ride sharing, and bike sharing |
Germany (EU) |
[31] |
SHIFT |
Shuttle buses, bike sharing, car rental, car sharing, and valet service |
Las Vegas (US) |
|
SMILE App |
Public transport, rail, car sharing, bike sharing, car rental, taxi |
Vienna, Austria (EU) |
|
TransitApp |
Public transport, bike sharing, car sharing, taxi, ride-hailing |
USA, UK, Canada, Europe, Australia |
[4] |
Ubigo |
Public transport, car sharing, car rentals, bike sharing, taxi service, car-pool, and bike-pool |
Gothenburg and Västra Region, Sweden (EU) |
|
URBI mobility |
Regional and city trains, subway, trams, buses, free-floating and stationary vehicle-sharing, scooter-sharing, bike-sharing, taxis, and Uber |
Berlin Brandenburg metropolitan and regional area, Germany (EU) |
[32] |
WienMobil Lab |
Public transport, bike sharing, car sharing, taxi, parking garages |
Vienna, Austria (EU) |
[4] |
Project |
City Pilot |
Year Tested |
Major Challenges |
---|---|---|---|
[45] |
Greater Manchester (UK) |
2018 |
Business, end-users, technology, and policy challenges (i.e., rapid growth of new mobility solutions such as dockless cycling, and UK de-regulated market; participants do not fully understand the MaaS concept and there is confusion with Smart Ticketing, etc.) |
Luxembourg (LU)—Germany (DE) |
2018 |
Business, end-users, technology, and policy challenges (i.e., The collaboration of private companies with public organizations in MaaS, people’s strong reliance on their private cars, and the need for some regulatory modifications.) |
|
Budapest (HU) |
2018 |
Τhe ticketing system of the public transport authority does not accept mobile-based ticketing solutions. |
|
[46] |
Amsterdam (NL) |
2019 |
The integration of a big number of mobility services in order to provide an attractive and ideally all-encompassing service. |
Athens & Korinthos (GR) |
2019 |
||
Rome (IT) |
2019 |
The provision of the most up-to-date traffic information and guidance to users regarding the best route to avoid unexpected events and congested roads. |
|
Prague (CZ) |
2019 |
- |
|
Salzburg (AT) |
2019 |
The integration of a big number of mobility services in order to provide an attractive and ideally all-encompassing service. |
|
[27] |
Lisbon (PT) |
2021 |
Ticketing, lack of an interoperability framework, and scalability to sustain a large deployment. Need to simplify/automate all the necessary steps to integrate new services and sub-systems in the IP4 ecosystem. Public/private mobility integration, information handling and sharing, service interoperability, and scalability requirements |
Malaga (ES) |
2021 |
||
Central east corridor (Berlin (DE) and Brno (CZ)) |
2021 |
||
[47] |
Barcelona (ES) |
2023 |
In progress |
Athens (GR) |
2022 |
2nd phase in progress (Challenges are outlined in Section 4) |
|
Warsaw (PL) |
2023 |
In progress |
|
Osijek (HR) |
2023 |
In progress |
|
Liberec (CZ) |
2023 |
In progress |
|
Padua (IT) |
2023 |
In progress |
Barrier Category |
Barriers |
|
---|---|---|
Greater Manchester (UK) |
Budapest (HU) |
|
Institutional/ Regulatory |
Monopoly in the long term |
Political opposition |
Needs business reorganization |
Needs business reorganization |
|
Unwillingness of cooperation among TSPs and the MaaS operator |
Unwillingness of cooperation among TSPs and the MaaS operator |
|
- |
Monopoly in the long term |
|
Social |
Strong reliance of people on private cars |
Strong reliance of people on private cars |
Financial |
Viability of business model |
Regulatory risks |
Macroeconomic risks |
Viability of business model |
|
Partnership risks |
Partnership risks |
|
Innovation risks |
Non-credit rated activity |
|
Operational/ Technical |
Limited availability of APIs |
Unwillingness to share data |
Unwillingness to share data |
Standardization of data among TSPs and data providers |
|
Standardization of data among TSPs and data providers |
Low ICT availability to support MaaS |
|
“Unbanked” travelers that may not be able to access MaaS services |
- |
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/futuretransp3020029