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Topic Review
Remote Sensing Methods for Soil Measurements
Soil is a diverse and intricate natural asset and the foundation for nearly all agricultural production endeavors because its physiochemical properties and nutrients play essential functions in understanding the ecosystem’s dynamics. Remote sensing (RS) techniques offer advantages over other methods for measuring soil properties, including large-scale coverage, a non-destructive nature, temporal monitoring, multispectral capabilities, and rapid data acquisition. The different detection methods, types, parts, and applications of RS techniques in soil measurements are highlighted, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the measurements of soil properties. 
  • 513
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Building Information Modeling in Assessing Buildings Carbon Footprint
The analysis of the carbon footprint of buildings is a key tool for assessing the impact of different buildings on climate change. Several frameworks and methodologies are available to calculate the footprint of buildings, including standards and norms, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and dedicated software tools. The use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) programme for these calculations is both scientifically justified and very practical.
  • 146
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Computer-Aided Models for Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women who are mainly middle-aged and older. Due to these reasons, computer-aided detection (CADe) and computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) systems help assist physicians and experts in increasing the success rate of the analysis/diagnosis. The role of a CADe system focuses on the localization of a specific object or region of interest (ROI), as the particular area of interest is specific to the task.
  • 189
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Counterfeit Attack Modes in Microelectronics
As the global supply chain grows more intricate and the prevalence of counterfeit components surges, it becomes paramount to verify the authenticity of electrical chips. The infiltration of counterfeit components, potentially finding their way into electronic equipment, raises concerns as workers contend with mounting client demands. Microelectronics are vital to the healthcare and defense industries, making them vulnerable to counterfeit products.
  • 326
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Technological Development of Electric Vehicles and Autonomous Vehicles
Electric vehicles (EVs) are a transport mode that uses an electric motor. That is, EVs are all types of cars that can be powered partly or fully by electricity. The first autonomous vehicles (AVs) concept was introduced by the Detroit-based American carmaker General Motors (Detroit, MI, USA) in 1939. The initial phase of research and development was jointly initiated by General Motors and the Radio Corporation of America Sarnoff Laboratory (New York, NY, USA) in the 1950s.
  • 169
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Power Systems’ Resilience
The article makes an in-depth examination of the previous literature on power systems resilience. Power systems are constructed to withstand stochastic element outage under the N-1 security theory. However, several natural disasters have caused extraordinary challenges to power systems due to climate change, emphasising the position that power systems are unprepared for extreme events of large scale and severity level.
  • 186
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Optimizing Energy Consumption in UAV-Assisted IoT Networks
Quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as ubiquitous and agile robots and data carriers within the framework of the future Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile wireless networks. Yet, the insufficient onboard battery necessitates the optimization of energy consumption for both the UAV and IoT devices while ensuring that communication requirements are met.
  • 108
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Heat Pipe Type Applied in the Air-Conditioning System
An air-conditioning system (ACS), which consumes large amounts of high-grade energy, is essential for maintaining the indoor thermal environment of modern buildings. However, an ACS consumes almost half of the total energy of the building. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the energy consumption of the ACS to promote energy conservation and emission reduction in the building sector. In fact, there is an abundance of waste heat and low-grade energies with the potential to be utilized in ACS in nature, but many of them are not utilized efficiently or cannot be utilized at all due to the low efficiency of thermal energy conversion. Known as a passive thermal transfer device, the application of a heat pipe (HP) in the ACS has shown explosive growth in recent years. HPs have been demonstrated to be an effective method for reducing building cooling and heating demands and energy consumption in ACS with experimental and simulation methods. 
  • 140
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Impacts of Prefabrication in the Building Construction Industry
Interest in sustainable construction has been increasing due to recent events. The limitations of natural resources and the scale of global impacts, specifically as a result of the effects of global climate change, have consequences for the construction sector. These changes are giving rise to a need to reassess the way we face the built environment and rethink new solutions for construction systems or methods that contribute to mitigating negative consequences, among which we highlight the prefabrication method. This new scenario, characterised by the need to meet the decarbonisation goals set for 2050, as well as the effects of the spread of the pandemic crisis, emphasizes the importance of understanding the impacts that may occur in the construction industry, which are essentially understood as increases in sustainability, productivity, quality and, consequently, as reductions in deadlines, costs, and dependence on labour. Therefore, this entry seeks to study on the existing literature on prefabrication, seeking to gather relevant information on the new advances, challenges, and opportunities of this construction method whose approach has been mostly focused on partial or specific aspects for case studies, both highlighting the potential and identifying the gaps and opportunities of prefabrication in this new context. The prefabrication method brings benefits compared to the conventional method, and may be an alternative, as it has more positive global impacts on the environment, the economy, and society, and consequently on the sustainable development of construction, despite some limitations that have been reported and that should be looked into in the future.
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Emotion Recognition Systems
Emotion recognition systems (ERS) are an emerging technology with immense potential, exemplifying the innovative utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) within the context of the fourth industrial revolution (IR 4.0). Given that personalization is a key feature of the fifth industrial revolution (IR 5.0), ERS has the potential to serve as an enabler for IR 5.0. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the relevance of this technology as work processes were adapted for social distancing and the use of face masks. Even in the post-pandemic era, many individuals continue to wear face masks. Therefore, ERS offers a technological solution to address communication challenges in a masked world. The existing body of knowledge on ERS primarily focuses on exploring modalities or modes for emotion recognition, system development, and the creation of applications utilizing emotion recognition functions.
  • 159
  • 14 Nov 2023
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