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Topic Review
Autonomous Vehicle Localization
In a vehicle, wheel speed sensors and inertial measurement units (IMUs) are present onboard, and their raw data can be used for localization estimation. Both wheel sensors and IMUs encounter challenges such as bias and measurement noise, which accumulate as errors over time. Even a slight inaccuracy or minor error can render the localization system unreliable and unusable in a matter of seconds. Traditional algorithms, such as the extended Kalman filter (EKF), have been applied for a long time in non-linear systems. These systems have white noise in both the system and in the estimation model. These approaches require deep knowledge of the non-linear noise characteristics of the sensors. On the other hand, as a subset of artificial intelligence (AI), neural network-based (NN) algorithms do not necessarily have these strict requirements.
  • 127
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Microwave Resonators for Wearable Sensors Design
The field of flexible electronics is undergoing an exponential evolution due to the demand of the industry for wearable devices, wireless communication devices and networks, healthcare sensing devices and the technology around the Internet of Things (IoT) framework. E-textiles are attracting attention within the healthcare areas, amongst others, for providing the possibility of developing continuous patient monitoring solutions and customized devices to accommodate each patient’s specific needs. 
  • 143
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
MLA for Electric Arc Furnace in Steel Industry
The steel industry has been forced to switch from the traditional blast furnace to the electric arc furnace (EAF) process to reduce carbon emissions. However, EAF still relies entirely on the operators’ proficiency to determine the electrical power input. 
  • 184
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Silicon and Silicon Carbide Recrystallization by Laser Annealing
Modifying material properties within a specific spatial region is a pivotal stage in the fabrication of microelectronic devices. Laser annealing emerges as a compelling technology, offering precise control over the crystalline structure of semiconductor materials and facilitating the activation of doping ions in localized regions. This obviates the necessity for annealing the entire wafer or device. 
  • 198
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemical Applications in Buildings
The integration of distributed renewable energy technologies (such as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)) into buildings, especially in space-constrained urban areas, offers sustainable energy and helps offset fossil-fuel-related carbon emissions. However, the intermittent nature of these distributed renewable energy sources can negatively impact the larger power grids. Efficient onsite energy storage solutions capable of providing energy continuously can address this challenge. Traditional large-scale energy storage methods like pumped hydro and compressed air energy have limitations due to geography and the need for significant space to be economically viable. In contrast, electrochemical storage methods like batteries offer more space-efficient options, making them well suited for urban contexts.
  • 264
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Green Extraction Techniques for Bioactive Natural Products
Green extraction techniques represent a paradigm shift in the field of NP extraction, emphasizing sustainability, environmental consciousness, and efficiency. These methods prioritize minimizing the environmental impact associated with traditional extraction processes. Their importance lies in addressing the limitations of conventional techniques, such as low yields, substantial solvent usage, and the risk of degrading heat-sensitive compounds. The benefits of green extraction include enhanced efficiency, reduced solvent consumption, and the preservation of valuable bioactive compounds. Examples of green extraction techniques encompass “supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), subcritical water extraction (SWE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)”, among others. The significance and advantages of each method contribute to a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach to NP extraction. Detailed discussions on each green extraction technique are provided below, highlighting their unique principles, applications, and advantages in obtaining bioactive natural products.
  • 223
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Theory and Application of Zero Trust Security
As cross-border access becomes more frequent, traditional perimeter-based network security models can no longer cope with evolving security requirements. Zero trust is a novel paradigm for cybersecurity based on the core concept of “never trust, always verify”. It attempts to protect against security risks related to internal threats by eliminating the demarcations between the internal and external network of traditional network perimeters. Nevertheless, research on the theory and application of zero trust is still in its infancy, and more extensive research is necessary to facilitate a deeper understanding of the paradigm in academia and the industry.
  • 229
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Fly Ash—Slag One-Part Geopolymers
One-part geopolymer concrete/mortar is a pre-mixed material made from industrial by-products and solid alkaline activators that only requires the addition of water for activation. Apart from being environmentally friendly, it also reduces complexity and improves consistency in the mixing process, leading to more efficient production and consistent material properties.
  • 180
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Energy Management for Techno-Economic Hybrid Microgrid Optimization
Integrating energy management techniques into renewable energy systems (RESs) improves microgrids’ energy efficiency and stability. This implementation reduces peak loads and energy costs by aligning consumption patterns with producing renewable energy sources.
  • 167
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cross-Laminated Timber in Finland
Although cross-laminated timber (CLT) construction, driven by only a few domestic manufacturers, is relatively new in Finland, sustainability concerns may increase interest in renewable materials, and therefore, CLT may be more accepted in the Finnish construction market. Additionally, active communication about successful projects and new applications can open new avenues for CLT to gain popularity in the Finnish construction market.
  • 176
  • 28 Dec 2023
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