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Topic Review
Radar-Based Drone Detection Technologies
The fast development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, has brought a unique set of opportunities and challenges to both the civilian and military sectors. While drones have proven useful in sectors such as delivery, agriculture, and surveillance, their potential for abuse in illegal airspace invasions, privacy breaches, and security risks has increased the demand for improved detection and classification systems. Principles of radar-based detection: Radar, which stands for “Radio Detection and Ranging”, is generally considered one of the most trustworthy sensing devices that comes to mind when addressing UAV detection since it has traditionally been utilized for aircraft detection in both military and civilian purposes (such as aviation). Radar is an electromagnetic technology that employs radio waves to detect and locate nearby objects. Any radar system works on the basis of echo-based measurements and consists of a radar transmitter that sends out short electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwave band, transmitting and receiving antennas, a radar receiver that receives the reflected signals from the target, and a processor that identifies the objects’ attributes. Therefore, radar can calculate important object characteristics, including distance, velocity, azimuth, and elevation.
  • 498
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Generating Point Clouds from FMCW Radar
Radar sensing-based devices, particularly those using Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW), can obtain target information such as distance, angle, moving speed, and target size, making them superior when compared to other non-contact sensing technologies. FMCW technology provides access to a lot of crucial information at an affordable price. It is well suited for different working conditions, making it highly suitable for in-vehicle detection scenarios.
  • 477
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Methanol as a Biochemical and Bioenergy Carrier
There is a growing interest in the production of biofuels and biochemicals from renewable biomass. Biomass in the form of woody and agricultural residues, municipal solid waste and other organic refuse is becoming popular as a feedstock for biofuel and biochemical production through thermochemical and biological routes. Methanol, a widely used industrial chemical, also has clean fuel properties due to its high-octane number, low flammability, low emissions and high engine performance.
  • 186
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Next-Generation High-Temperature Solar Particle Receivers
Concentrated solar thermal (CST) systems are pivotal in the pursuit of renewable energy solutions to meet emissions reduction targets. They play a vital role in addressing the negative impacts of energy-intensive industrial processes, such as the high-temperature calcination step in the alumina Bayer process, requiring temperatures of approximately 1000 °C. However, achieving such high temperatures poses challenges, as radiative losses increase significantly with temperature. Current commercially available CST technologies, employing heat transfer mediums like molten salts, are constrained to temperatures below 600 °C. The emerging focus on sand-like ceramic particles, either as standalone materials or in suspension within an air stream, as heat transfer mediums signifies a promising avenue in the development of high-temperature receiver-based CST technologies. These particle-laden suspension flow receiver systems have the potential to reach operating temperatures exceeding 1000 °C.
  • 154
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
AI-Based Imaging Techniques Applications
AI-based imaging techniques can be divided in eight distinct categories: acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction, registration, classification, object localization, segmentation, and visualization. These can also be organized in the clinical process pipeline broadly encompassing prevention, diagnostics, planning, therapy, prognostic, and monitoring. It is also possible to focus on the human organ or physiological process under focus.
  • 153
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Role of Moisture in Alkali–Silica Reaction
Moisture is an important factor for ASR and its availability in concrete has often been appraised with the aid of relative humidity (RH). Its sufficiency leads to improved kinetics and higher ultimate ASR-induced expansion. Numerous RH thresholds have been reported to be required to initiate and sustain the reaction. the tests from which the thresholds has been reported differ in terms of the temperature, sample size, reactivity level of aggregates and aggregate type (Fine versus Coarse). All of these factors can be hypothesized to influence the role of moisture in the reaction.
  • 196
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Circular Business Model in Pulp and Paper Industry
Innovation in the circular economy (CE) and the deployment of effective circular business models (CBM) have attracted significant attention in times of growing natural resource scarcity.
  • 215
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Flight Scheduling, Fleet Assignment, and Aircraft Routing Problems
Airlines face the imperative of resource management to curtail costs, necessitating the solution of several optimization problems such as flight planning, fleet assignment, aircraft routing, and crew scheduling. These problems present some challenges.
  • 241
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Precision Irrigation for Crop Production
The non-judicious use of water at the farm level in traditional irrigation application methods is a present-day concern across the world that can be resolved by enhancing application efficiency through the adoption of advanced irrigation techniques. Sprinkler irrigation is a method that has high application efficiency, which can be further increased when coupled with automation toward precision irrigation. The objectives of this review are to summarize the main aspects of sprinkler and precision irrigation and their development, scope, and future prospects specifically in Asian countries.
  • 247
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Carbon Accounting in Manufacturing Systems and Supply Chains
Carbon accounting is primarily a process for measuring, reporting, and allocating greenhouse gas emissions from human activities, thus enabling informed decision-making to mitigate climate change and foster responsible resource management. There is a noticeable upsurge in the academia regarding carbon accounting, which engenders complexity due to the heterogeneity of practices that fall under the purview of carbon accounting. Such plurality has given rise to a situation where diverse interpretations of carbon accounting coexist, often bereft of uniformity in definition and application. Consequently, organisations need a standardised, comprehensive, and sequentially delineated carbon accounting framework amenable to seamless integration into end-to-end manufacturing systems.
  • 194
  • 03 Jan 2024
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