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Topic Review
Applications of Magnetic Hydrogels
Magnetic hydrogels (MHGs) are a special class of hydrogel that contain at least one magnetic component in their composition. Generally, MNPs are dispersed in a polymer gel matrix to form MHGs. These hydrogels are special because they are prone to show fluctuations in their physical properties in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Confocal Microscopy
Confocal microscopy, most frequently Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) or Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy (LCSM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing the optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light or glare in image formation.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Road Traffic Crashes
Road traffic crashes (RTCs) are a major problem for authorities and governments worldwide. They incur losses of property, human lives, and productivity. 20 to 50 million people are injured in RTCs every year. The involvement of teenage drivers and road users is alarmingly prevalent in RTCs since traffic injuries unduly impact the working-age group (15–44 years). 
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Extraction and Purification of Volatile Fatty Acids
Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are intermediary degradation products during anaerobic digestion (AD) that are subsequently converted to methanogenic substrates, such as hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and acetic acid (CH3COOH). VFA recovered from the AAD fermentation can be further converted to sustainable biofuels and bioproducts. This text describes the latest developments in the extraction techniques of VFA from complex organic materials.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Passenger Traffic-Flows
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) enabled optimisation of train's passenger traffic flows is a key consideration of transportation under Smart City planning (SCP). Traditional mobility prediction based optimisation and encryption approaches are reactive in nature; however, Artificial Intelligence (AI) driven proactive solutions are required for near real-time optimisation. Leveraging the historical passenger data recorded via Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensors installed at the train stations, mobility prediction models can be developed to support and improve the railway operational performance vis-a-vis 5G and beyond. In this paper we have analysed the passenger traffic flows based on an Access, Egress and Interchange (AEI) framework to support train infrastructure against congestion, accidents, overloading carriages and maintenance. This paper predominantly focuses on developing passenger flow predictions using Machine Learning (ML) along with a novel encryption model that is capable of handling the heavy passenger traffic flow in real-time. We have compared and reported the performance of various ML driven flow prediction models using real-world passenger flow data obtained from London Underground and Overground (LUO). Extensive spatio-temporal simulations leveraging realistic mobility prediction models show that an AEI framework can achieve 91.17% prediction accuracy along with secure and light-weight encryption capabilities. Security parameters such as correlation coefficient (<0.01), entropy (>7.70), number of pixel change rate (>99%), unified average change intensity (>33), contrast (>10), homogeneity (<0.3) and energy (<0.01) prove the efficacy of the proposed encryption scheme.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Lower Limb Joint Kinematics
The use of inertial measurement units (IMUs) has gained popularity for the estimation of lower limb kinematics. However, implementations in clinical practice are still lacking. This review shows that methods for lower limb joint kinematics are inherently application dependent. Sensor restrictions are generally compensated with biomechanically inspired assumptions and prior information. Awareness of the possible adaptations in the IMU-based kinematic estimates by incorporating such prior information and assumptions is necessary, before drawing clinical decisions. Future research should focus on alternative validation methods, subject-specific IMU-based biomechanical joint models and disturbed movement patterns in real-world settings.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Ship Handling in Unprotected Waters
In order to implement a new type of escort towing, specially designed to be employed in very adverse weather conditions, considerable changes in the hull form of escort tugs had to be made to improve their stability and performance. Since traditional winch and ropes technologies were only effective in calm waters, tugs had to be fitted with new devices. These improvements allowed the remodeled tugs to counterbalance the strong forces generated by the maneuvers in open waters. This entry presents a review of the new high-performance automatic dynamic winches.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Electromigration
Electromigration is the transport of material caused by the gradual movement of the ions in a conductor due to the momentum transfer between conducting electrons and diffusing metal atoms. The effect is important in applications where high direct current densities are used, such as in microelectronics and related structures. As the structure size in electronics such as integrated circuits (ICs) decreases, the practical significance of this effect increases.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Production Disruption
Two kinds of incentive strategies, cost-sharing and penalty, are examined in dealing with production disruption, with consideration of production process reliability as an endogenous factor for a two-echelon supply chain.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Algae-Powered Buildings
Environmental pollution, global warming, energy consumption, and limited natural resources are some key factors from which the built environment faces interrelated problems and their management plays a vital role in sustainability. Application of bioactive elements on buildings’ façades is a novel approach for solving the problems. Algae building technology (ABT) is an innovative approach to energy efficiency in the built environment.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Mar 2023
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