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Topic Review
Solar Mobility
As proposed by CEA-INES (namely the French National Institute for Solar Energy) [1], the concept of solar mobility seeks a synergy between the following three systems: EVs, PV systems and the electricity network. The basic idea is to combine a standard grid-connected PV system with standard EVs, also connected to the grid [2]. In the extended solar mobility scope, the energy prosumers are equipped with their own renewable energy systems, electrical storage, EVs and other electrical appliances. The buildings are connected into a renewable energy sharing microgrid, in which the surplus renewable production can be delivered from one building to another. Such energy sharing network provides a platform for the buildings in a micro grid to share their surplus renewable energy generations with other buildings, thus helping enhance the overall cluster-level performances. The energy sharing micro grid is also connected to the power grid, in case there is surplus/insufficient cluster-level renewable generations and electricity exchanges with the power grid is needed. The power exchange of the building cluster with the power grid will be metered by advanced metering facilities.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Job Shop Scheduling
Job shop scheduling is one of the most frequently used types of scheduling in manufacturing facilities. In recent years, various research has been conducted to analyze the integration and impacts of the Industry 4.0 environment on job shop scheduling.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Pentacene
Pentacene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of five linearly-fused benzene rings. This highly conjugated compound is an organic semiconductor. The compound generates excitons upon absorption of ultra-violet (UV) or visible light; this makes it very sensitive to oxidation. For this reason, this compound, which is a purple powder, slowly degrades upon exposure to air and light. Structurally, pentacene is one of the linear acenes, the previous one being tetracene (four fused benzene rings) and the next one being hexacene (six fused benzene rings). In August 2009, a group of researchers from IBM published experimental results of imaging a single molecule of pentacene using an atomic force microscope. In July 2011, they used a modification of scanning tunneling microscopy to experimentally determine the shapes of the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals. In 2012, pentacene-doped p-terphenyl was shown to be effective as the amplifier medium for a room-temperature maser.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Properties and Principles of Cool Pavements Usage
With growing urban populations, methods of reducing the urban heat island effect have become increasingly important. Cool pavements altering the heat storage of materials used in pavements can lead to lower surface temperatures and reduce the thermal radiation emitted to the atmosphere. Cool pavement technologies utilize various strategies to reduce the temperature of new and existing pavements, including increased albedo, evaporative cooling, and reduced heat conduction. This process of negative radiation forces helps offset the impacts of increasing atmospheric temperatures.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Boeing CST-100 Starliner
The Boeing Starliner (CST-100 - Crew Space Transportation-100) is a crew capsule manufactured by Boeing as its participation in NASA's Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program. Its primary purpose is to transport crew to the International Space Station (ISS) and to private space stations such as the proposed Bigelow Aerospace Commercial Space Station. The capsule has a diameter of 4.56 meters (15.0 ft), which is slightly larger than the Apollo command module and smaller than the Orion capsule. The Boeing Starliner is to support larger crews of up to seven people and is being designed to be able to remain in-orbit for up to seven months with reusability of up to ten missions. It is designed to be compatible with four launch vehicles: Atlas V, Delta IV, Falcon 9, and Vulcan. In the first phase of its CCDev program NASA awarded Boeing US$18 million in 2010 for preliminary development of the spacecraft. In the second phase Boeing was awarded a $93 million contract in 2011 for further spacecraft development. On 3 August 2012, NASA announced the award of $460 million to Boeing to continue work on the CST-100 under the Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap) Program. On 16 September 2014, NASA selected the Boeing CST-100, along with SpaceX's Crew Dragon, for the Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) program, with an award of $4.2 billion. On 30 July 2019, NASA had no specific dates for Commercial Crew launches, stating that this was under review pending a leadership change. The Boeing Starliner Orbital Flight Test (uncrewed test flight) launched with the Atlas V N22, on 20 December 2019 from SLC-41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , Florida. During the test, the Starliner experienced an anomaly that precluded a docking with the International Space Station. Two days after launch, on 22 December 2019 at 07:58 EST (12:58 UTC), with the successful landing at White Sands, New Mexico, the Boeing Starliner Calypso became the first-ever, crew-capable space capsule to make a land-based touchdown in the United States.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Balloon Satellite
A balloon satellite (also occasionally referred to as a "satelloon", which is a trademarked name owned by Gilmore Schjeldahl's G.T. Schjeldahl Company) is a satellite that is inflated with gas after it has been put into orbit.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Building Information Modelling and Project-Lifecycle
The Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) industry constitutes a cornerstone of a country’s economy and is predicted to account for circa 15% of the World’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 2030. Construction outputs create critical infrastructure and buildings that cumulatively constitute the built environment which provides the basis for society and other industries to flourish; hence, the economic contribution is perhaps greater than the estimated “direction” contribution to the GDP. Annually, the AECO industry is responsible for nearly 40% of the total energy use, 32% of CO2 emissions and 25% of the generated waste in Europe. Furthermore, in many developing countries, the construction industry has undergone substantial fluctuations to accomplish its local economic objectives. As a result, many developing countries’ financial procedures are in the process of improvement. In these countries, construction projects frequently face several time-schedule delays. Furthermore, the industry is faced with numerous productivity issues stemming from the lack of adoption of emerging technologies or concepts such as Building Information Modelling (BIM), blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT) and Industry 4.0. As a result, the construction industry in developing countries does not achieve government goals for society and clients, and a need for developing “overall success construction projects” that are resource-efficient has been underlined in the literature.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Product/Service System Family Design
Product/service system (PSS) family design is a kind of designing a group of PSSs in order to provide the PSSs efficiently to a defined set of multiple customer segments, and was conceptualized with analogy to product family design. PSS is widely considered as a promising design object with the potential to enhance environmental sustainability of industrial solutions. PSS family design is potentially powerful to PSS customization and thereby expected to contribute to the competitiveness of PSS providers.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Additives Used in Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion involves the degradation of a biodegradable substance, such as sewage sludge by anaerobic microorganisms in an oxygen-free system.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Landslide Mitigation
Landslide mitigation refers to mass movement of rocks and other man-made activities on slopes with the goal of lessening the effect of landslides. Landslides can be triggered by many, sometimes concomitant causes. In addition to shallow erosion or reduction of shear strength caused by seasonal rainfall, landslides may be triggered by anthropic activities, such as adding excessive weight above the slope, digging at mid-slope or at the foot of the slope. Often, individual phenomenon join together to generate instability over time, which often does not allow a reconstruction of the evolution of a particular landslide. Therefore, landslide hazard mitigation measures are not generally classified according to the phenomenon that might cause a landslide. Instead, they are classified by the sort of slope stabilization method used: Each of these methods varies somewhat with the type of material that makes up the slope.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Sep 2022
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