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Topic Review
Challenges for Commercialization of Second-Generation Biorefineries
Second-generation biorefinery refers to the production of different types of biofuels, biomaterials, and biochemicals by using agri-based and other lignocellulosic biomasses as substrates, which do not compete with arable lands, water for irrigation, and food supply. From the perspective of transportation fuels, second-generation bioethanol plays a crucial role in minimizing the dependency on fossil-based fuels, especially gasoline. Significant efforts have been invested in the research and development of second-generation bioethanol for commercialization in both developing and developed countries.
  • 363
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Autonomous Ride-Sharing Service using Graph Embedding
Autonomous vehicles are anticipated to revolutionize ride-sharing services and subsequently enhance the public transportation systems through a first–last-mile transit service. Within this context, a fleet of autonomous vehicles can be modeled as a Dial-a-Ride Problem with certain features.
  • 100
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Buildings’ Sustainability after COVID-19
The concept of sustainability, or sustainable development, was introduced in 1987 through the UN Brundtland Report, in which it is defined as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". The link between COVID-19 and sustainability is made up of a variety of psycho-sociological and perceptual aspects, such as the fact that the occupancy pattern of buildings is one of the determining factors in assessing the energy performance and sustainability of buildings.
  • 340
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Evolution of Macro-Modeling Practices
International transport corridors (ITCs) are intricate logistical networks essential for global trade flows. The effective modeling of these corridors provides invaluable insights into optimizing the transport system. The relevance of macro-modeling in today’s international transport landscape is underscored by the growing complexity of global supply chains. With the rise of e-commerce and just-in-time delivery models, the demand for strategic planning and optimization of ITCs has soared. Countries and corporations alike recognize the need for a holistic understanding of transport networks to maintain competitiveness and ensure economic growth. Macro-modeling answers this call by enabling the simulation and analysis of large-scale transport systems, providing stakeholders with a complex view of the operational intricacies and potential improvements.
  • 113
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Polymer Flooding Principles and Mechanisms
Polymer flooding is an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method used to increase oil recovery from oil reservoirs beyond primary and secondary recovery. Although it is one of the most well-established methods of EOR, there are still continuous new developments and evaluations for this method. This is mainly attributed to the diverse polymers used, expansion of this method in terms of application, and the increase in knowledge pertaining to the topic due to the increase in laboratory testing and field applications. 
  • 316
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
E-Textiles for Sports and Fitness Sensing
E-textiles have emerged as a fast-growing area in wearable technology for sports and fitness due to the soft and comfortable nature of textile materials and the capability for smart functionality to be integrated into familiar sports clothing.
  • 366
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Energy Recovery from Residual Municipal Solid Waste
Among the technologies for the recovery of energy from waste, in particular residual municipal solid waste (rMSW), combustion is the most widely used thermo-chemical treatment process associated with thermal and electric power production by a steam cycle, named, shortly, Waste to Energy (WtE). 
  • 177
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Concentrated Solar Power Technology in Photocatalytic Water Purification
Photocatalysis, a promising semiconductor-based technology activated by free and eternal solar energy, has great potential for addressing environmental remediation and energy conversion challenges. Concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies, namely parabolic trough reflectors, solar power towers, parabolic dish reflectors and linear Fresnel reflectors, exhibited excellent feasibility for boosting solar-driven photocatalytic processes. Based on the structural characteristics of CSP technologies, the CSP-based photocatalytic reactors could be divided into concentrated types and non/low-concentrated types. 
  • 587
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Triboelectric Nanogenerator Network for Harvesting Ocean Blue Energy
The utilization of abundant blue energy in the ocean could greatly contribute to achieving carbon neutrality. However, the unsolved economic and technical challenges of traditional technologies for harvesting blue energy have resulted in slow progress. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), as a new approach for converting mechanical energy into electricity, have great potential for blue energy harvesting, which can be connected as networks with different numbers of units for varying scales of energy harvesting. Anchoring strategies of devices and networks are also discussed. The development of TENG networks could provide an effective solution for large-scale ocean blue energy harvesting, which can also serve as an in-situ energy station or power source for self-powered systems, supporting various marine equipment and activities.
  • 97
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Quality Assurance in Resistance Spot Welding
Resistance spot welding is a process with high variability regarding the quality of the produced joints. This means that key performance indicators (KPIs) such as geometrical and mechanical features as well as failure modes can deviate from the initial design even if the same process parameters are used. The industry has developed quality assurance programs and quality control methods for tracking these KPIs.
  • 146
  • 23 Feb 2024
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