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Topic Review
South Korean Transitional Periods from Imitation to Innovation
The technology transfer and development model of South Korea is unique. After other countries refused to license and transfer modern technologies to this country, Korea resorted to its national research system to add innovative content to its imitative products. 
  • 2.1K
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Flux-Modulated Permanent Magnet Machines
High torque density is a desirable feature of electrical machines used in traction applications, such as electric vehicle (EV)/hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) propulsion, wind turbines, more electric air-crafts, etc. The flux-modulated permanent magnet (FMPM) machine is considered as one of the most promising candidates to achieve high torque density. The incorporated gearing effect is ideal in reducing the rotating speed and amplifying the output torque of the FMPM machines.
  • 2.1K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Automatic Crop Harvesting
Agriculture 4.0 is transforming farming livelihoods thanks to the development and adoption of technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things and robotics, traditionally used in other productive sectors. Soft robotics and soft grippers in particular are promising approaches to lead to new solutions in this field due to the need to meet hygiene and manipulation requirements in unstructured environments and in operation with delicate products. Soft grippers are those end-effectors that use materials and actuation methods that are soft, flexible and compliant and that enable the holding of an object to be manipulated. In this context, soft technologies can be defined as the set of theories, techniques and procedures that enable key functions of soft robotic grippers, such as actuation, gripping and shape control methods.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Challenges in Sewer System Maintenance
A sewer system is an important infrastructure of every settlement. A sewer system is a set of construction facilities used for the quick removal of wastewater from the humans’ immediate environment and its transport to a wastewater treatment plant or direct discharge into an appropriate recipient. In order for the sewer system to perform its purpose properly, its proper maintenance is required. Maintenance of a sewer system is very demanding since the system is mostly underground which makes it difficult to be accessed and maintained. The maintenance of a sewer system can be preventive (regular) or corrective (reactive). The regular maintenance occurs at certain intervals, whereas the reactive maintenance occurs in the case of some unforeseen event. This paper presents the history of sewer systems, as well as basic and alternative types of sewer systems. Furthermore, challenges that arise during sewer system maintenance and difficulties that maintenance employees face in their work are presented in this paper, as well as the ways in which sewer systems are maintained.
  • 2.1K
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
BMW 7 Series (E65)
The BMW E65 is the fourth generation of the BMW 7 Series range of full-size luxury sedans, and was produced from 2001 to 2008. The variants of the range are: The E65 was the first BMW vehicle to include the iDrive infotainment system, the new brand design language, active anti-roll bars, a 6-speed automatic transmission, an electronic smart Key (dispensing with the traditional metallic key), and night vision. The 760i model also utilised the world's first production V12 engine to use direct injection. In late 2008, the E65 7 Series was replaced by the 7 Series (F01).
  • 2.1K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Precision Spraying
Precision spraying, defined as the targeted spraying, obtains the target information (e.g., size, shape, structure, and canopy density, etc.) of the tree and then apply pesticides as needed. It addresses overdosing or underdosing problem by efficiently applying pesticides to the target area and substantially reducing pesticide usage while maintaining efficacy at preventing crop losses.
  • 2.1K
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Intelligent Packaging for Perishable Products
The preservation of perishable products to maintain their quality is of paramount importance for food safety and security, and is attracting more attention with the increasing concerns on food quality, healthcare and life. Advances in technology and materialsin recent years have led to the development and implementation of intelligent packaging for perishable products that can monitor or evencontrol their quality in supply chain. In this paper, the techniques used in intelligent packaging (i.e., indicators, sensors, and identification technology) and the major printing methods for fabricating electronics (i.e., inkjet printing, screen printing, and gravure printing) are reviewed with a focus on the packagingof perishable products. Althoughthehigh manufacturing costs pose a big challenge for their commercialization and large-scale deployment, it is expected that the technological progressesin printing electronicswill significantly reduce the manufacturing cost of intelligent packaging to a threshold of acceptance by markets and the broad applications of intelligent packaging can facilitate the traction and monitoring of perishable products for better control of the product quality and improved management of supply chain.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Culture in Maintenance Management of Public Buildings
Culture is one of the significant elements that influence the behavior of doing things the right way, without which there is a hindrance to the attainment of set goals. It has also been stated that culture is essential to maintaining public buildings, which is significant to national development. However, the level of abandonment and deterioration of public buildings is high due to a lack of culture among stakeholders in the maintenance process.
  • 2.1K
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Volkswagen Passat NMS
The 2012 Volkswagen Passat (internally designated Volkswagen New Midsize Sedan, or NMS while under development) is a mid-sized sedan that debuted in January 2011 at the Detroit Auto Show, is manufactured at the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant, replaces the Passat B6 in the North American market, and is marketed also in South Korea. At its introduction, the Passat NMS was part of Volkswagen Group's strategy to sell over 800,000 vehicles per year in the North American market. The vehicle was developed by Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive and Volkswagen Passenger Cars, and is partially based on the PQ46 platform used by the European Passat.
  • 2.1K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Eco-efficiency
The term eco-efficiency was first proposed in 1990 by Schaltegger and Sturm. However, it was in 1991 that the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) was responsible for introducing one of the main concepts of eco-efficiency to the world. The term was defined as the delivery of economically competitive goods and services that meet the needs of society in terms of quality of life and that the entire process of manufacturing and availability for consumption, that is, throughout its life cycle, should have the least possible impact on the environment.
  • 2.1K
  • 13 Dec 2021
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