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Topic Review
Vegetable Oils as Lubricants
Vegetable oils have been used as metalworking fluids (MWFs) for many years, particularly in small-scale metalworking operations and in industries where environmental regulations are strict. Before the development of modern MWFs, vegetable oils were one of the most common lubricants used for metalworking tools. The use of vegetable oils can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where olive oil was commonly used to lubricate metal tools and weapons. 
  • 2.7K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Engine Control Unit
An engine control unit (ECU), also commonly called an engine control module (ECM) is a type of electronic control unit that controls a series of actuators on an internal combustion engine to ensure optimal engine performance. It does this by reading values from a multitude of sensors within the engine bay, interpreting the data using multidimensional performance maps (called lookup tables), and adjusting the engine actuators. Before ECUs, air–fuel mixture, ignition timing, and idle speed were mechanically set and dynamically controlled by mechanical and pneumatic means. If the ECU has control over the fuel lines, then it is referred to as an electronic engine management system (EEMS). The fuel injection system has the major role of controlling the engine's fuel supply. The whole mechanism of the EEMS is controlled by a stack of sensors and actuators.
  • 2.7K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Honda Ridgeline (2006–2014)
{{Infobox automobile | name = Honda Ridgeline (YK1) | image = 2012 Honda Ridgeline Mexican RTL.jpg | caption = 2012 Honda Ridgeline RTL (Mexico) | production = Late 2004 – early 2015 | model_years = 2006–2014 | assembly = Alliston, Ontario, Canada (HCM) (2004–2009)Lincoln, Alabama, United States (HMA) (2008–2015) | body_style = 4-door pickup | layout = Front-engine, four-wheel drive | class = Mid-size pickup truck | related = | engine = 3.5 L J35A9 V6 (2006–2008)3.5 L J35Z5 V6 (2009–2014) | transmission = H5 BJFA 5-speed automatic | wheelbase = 122 in (3,099 mm) | length = 2006–2008: 206.8 in (5,253 mm)2009–2011: 207 in (5,258 mm)2012–2014: 206.9 in (5,255 mm) | width = 77.8 in (1,976 mm) | height = 70.3 in (1,786 mm)2012–2014 RTL: 71.2 in (1,808 mm) | weight = 2006–2008: 4,491–4,552 lb (2,037–2,065 kg)2009–2011: 4,504–4,564 lb (2,043–2,070 kg)2012–2014: 4,491–4,575 lb (2,037–2,075 kg) | successor = Honda Ridgeline (second generation) | manufacturer = Honda Contrary to some media reporting, Honda's publications state that the first generation Ridgeline was a uniquely engineered vehicle with only 7% of its components shared with other Honda vehicles. Its powertrain resembled the one used in the first generation Acura MDX but was "extensively calibrated and strengthened" for heavier hauling and towing duties. The first generation Ridgeline went on sale in March 2005 as a 2006 model year vehicle. Production of the first generation Ridgeline ended in early 2015. According to Honda, the Ridgeline was not designed to steal sales from the more traditional trucks sold in North America, but was developed to "give the 18% of Honda owners who also own pickups a chance to make their garages a Honda-only parking area." Despite the first generation Ridgeline's poor sales, according to the author of Driving Honda, this mid-size pickup was one of the more profitable vehicles for Honda with reported sales in over 20 countries.
  • 2.7K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Electric Vehicles Charging/Discharging and Battery Degradation
The high penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) will burden the existing power delivery infrastructure if their charging and discharging are not adequately coordinated. The degradation of lithium-ion batteries occurs throughout their lives due to several chemicals and mechanical processes that reduce the cyclable lithium and other active materials. Battery degradation depends on many factors, such as the charging and discharging rates, depth of discharge (DOD), temperature, voltage, cycle number, and storage stage of charge.
  • 2.7K
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Metal Matrix Composites
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) present extraordinary characteristics, including high wear resistance, excellent operational properties at elevated temperature, and better chemical inertness as compared to traditional alloys. These properties make them prospective candidates in the fields of aerospace, automotive, heavy goods vehicles, electrical, and biomedical industries. MMCs are challenging to process via traditional manufacturing techniques, requiring high cost and energy. The laser-melting deposition (LMD) has recently been used to manufacture MMCs via rapid prototyping, thus, solving these drawbacks. Besides the benefits mentioned above, the issues such as lower ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, weak bonding between matrix and reinforcements, and cracking are still prevalent in parts produced by LMD. In this article, a detailed analysis is made on the MMCs manufactured via LMD. An illustration is presented on the LMD working principle, its classification, and dependent and independent process parameters. Moreover, a brief comparison between the wire and powder-based LMDs has been summarized. Ex- and in-situ MMCs and their preparation techniques are discussed. Besides this, various matrices available for MMCs manufacturing, properties of MMCs after printing, possible complications and future research directions are reviewed and summarized.
  • 2.7K
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Urban Wastewater Treatment in Greece
Although Greece has accomplished the wastewater infrastructure construction in a large extent, as 91% of the country’s population is already connected to urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), many problems still need to be faced, such as the limited reuse of treated wastewater and of the surplus sludge (biosolids) produced, the relative higher energy consumption in the existing rather aged WWTPs infrastructure and the proper management of failing or inadequately designed septic tank/soil absorption systems, still in use in several (mostly rural) areas, lacking sewerage systems. Moreover, the wastewater treatment sector should be examined in the general framework of sustainable environmental development; therefore, Greece’s future challenges in this sector ought to be reconsidered. Thus, the review of Greece’s urban wastewater history, even from the ancient times, up to current developments and trends, will be shortly addressed. Noting also that the remaining challenges should be analyzed in respect to the country’s specific needs (e.g. interaction with the extensive tourism sector), as well as to the European Union’s relevant framework policies and to the respective international technological trends, aiming to consider the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) not only as sites for the treatment/removal of pollutants to prevent environmental pollution, but also as industrial places where energy is efficiently used (or even produced), resources’ content can be potentially recovered and reused (e.g. nutrients, treated water, biosolids) and the environmental sustainability is being overall practiced.
  • 2.7K
  • 04 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Eurostar
Eurostar is an international high-speed rail service connecting the United Kingdom with France , Belgium and the Netherlands. Most Eurostar trains travel through the Channel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France, owned and operated separately by Getlink. The London terminus is London St Pancras International; the other British calling points are Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International in Kent. Intermediate calling points in France are Calais-Fréthun and Lille-Europe. Trains to Paris terminate at Gare du Nord. Trains to Belgium and the Netherlands serve Brussels-South and Rotterdam Centraal, before terminating at Amsterdam Centraal. Additionally, in France there are direct services from London to Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy (Disneyland Paris) and seasonal direct services to southern France (Lyon, Avignon and Marseille) in summer, and to the French Alps in winter. The service is operated by 11 Class 373/1 trainsets, each with 18 coaches, and 17 Class 374 trainsets, each with 16 coaches. The trains run at up to 320 kilometers per hour (200 mph) on high-speed lines. The LGV Nord high-speed line in France opened before Eurostar services began in 1994, and newer lines enabling faster journeys were added later: HSL 1 in Belgium and High Speed 1 in south-east England. The French and Belgian parts of the network are shared with Paris–Brussels Thalys services and TGV trains. Eurostar is operated by Eurostar International Limited (EIL), jointly owned by SNCF, the national railway of France (55%), investment firms (40%), and the National Railway Company of Belgium (5%).
  • 2.7K
  • 20 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tobacco Products
Tobacco is the agricultural product of the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. All species of Nicotiana contain the addictive drug nicotine—a stimulant and sedative contained in all parts of the plants except the seeds—which occurs in varying amounts depending on the species and variety cultivated. See types of tobacco and curing of tobacco for more information. The vast majority of commercially available tobacco is derived from the species Nicotiana tabacum, although it is also produced from Nicotiana alata, and to a lesser extent Nicotiana clevelandii, Nicotiana longiflora, and Nicotiana rustica, among others. N. rustica in particular contains much more nicotine than N. tabacum and other species of Nicotiana, and forms the basis of a number of unique tobacco products, including several preparations used in Latin American shamanic ceremonies. Once tobacco has been grown, harvested, cured, and processed, it is used to produce a number of different products. These are most often consumable; however, tobacco and the nicotine derived from it are also used to create pesticides. Tobacco products can generally be divided into two types: smoked tobacco (see tobacco smoking) and smokeless tobacco. An expert in tobacco and tobacco products — especially pipes, pipe tobacco, and cigars—including their procurement and sale, is called a tobacconist. The health effects of tobacco consumption are discussed in health effects of tobacco.
  • 2.7K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Wave Energy Marine Buoys
The power supply is usually the bottleneck for marine distributed systems such as buoys. Wave energy technologies are especially useful in this sense, as they can capture and convert the promising “native” renewable energy in the ocean (i.e., wave energy) into electricity.
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Single-Zone HVAC Systems
Single-zone HVAC systems are installed in most residential buildings, which implies regulating all the rooms of the house with a single thermostat and with static ventilation registers.
  • 2.6K
  • 27 Oct 2020
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